In this chapter we focused on how specific DNA sequences can be copied, identified, characterized, and sequenced. At the same time, we found many opportunities to consider the methods and reasoning underlying these techniques. From the explanations given in the chapter, what answers would you propose to the following fundamental questions? How can gene knockouts, transgenic animals, and gene editing techniques be used to explore gene function?

Key Concepts

Gene Knockouts

Gene knockouts involve the intentional inactivation of a specific gene within an organism's genome. This technique allows researchers to observe the effects of losing that gene's function, providing insights into its role in development, physiology, and disease. By comparing knockout organisms to wild-type counterparts, scientists can infer the gene's contribution to various biological processes.

Transgenic Animals

Transgenic animals are organisms that have been genetically modified to carry genes from other species. This technique enables the study of gene function and regulation in a living organism, as well as the investigation of complex traits and diseases. By observing the phenotypic changes in transgenic models, researchers can gain valuable information about gene interactions and their implications in health and disease.

Gene Editing Techniques

Gene editing techniques, such as CRISPR-Cas9, allow for precise modifications of an organism's DNA. These methods can be used to add, delete, or alter specific genetic sequences, facilitating the exploration of gene function by creating targeted mutations. By analyzing the resulting phenotypes, scientists can determine the roles of specific genes in various biological pathways and processes.