Okay. So now let's talk about allopolyploidy. Allopolyploids typically are plants that are hybrids of two or more species. Usually, these are sterile, and most of these are synthetically created for crops. Examples of these types are cotton and wheat. So, what does this look like? Here are our original organisms. They have one copy, or they have two copies of each of their chromosome sets. But what happens is that somehow, usually through some kind of genetic manipulation, these are fused together, and what you get is you get combinations. You get the red chromosomes here and the black chromosomes here. So now you have allopolyploids, right, because they have chromosome sets from different organisms. It could also be where if you got an extra chromosome here and an extra chromosome here, but they came from different regions. So this red chromosome would come from this organism, and this black chromosome would come from this organism. It's a little different than how I've drawn it, but you have two choices here. Right? You can get a mixture of these two chromosome sets, or you can get what I showed before in that first video with extra chromosomes from that individual. So this would be where we were doing it here. Here's the blue chromosome. Obviously, that's going to fuse this way. But you could get a light blue chromosome, for instance, from this organism that's not perfectly the same, but close enough, and it would come over here. And the same for here. You could get the black chromosomes going here and creating this big fusion organism, or you could get a sort of gray chromosome coming from this blue cell to be here. Either way, it's allopolyploidy. Pretty much allopolyploidy just means some kind of mixture of two chromosome sets from different species. So it can be that they're fusing together those two chromosomes. It can be donating a set of chromosomes from one individual to another, but essentially, this is an example of allopolyploidy. So here's another one with the red and the blue. But they're so little I figured I'd just throw them in here at the end.
Versus Endopolyploidy, these are diploid organisms, but certain cells are polyploid. This can describe some humans. There are liver cells in humans that actually have different amounts of chromosome numbers, so we can call those people endopolyploid. This also happens in the gut of mosquito larvae, where the majority of the mosquito has one set of chromosomes, but in the gut of the larva, some of the cells have extra chromosomes, and also in flowering plants. But essentially, this is where the majority of the organism is diploid, but then a few cells are triploid.
And then finally, there's this chemical you may see in your book. I don't know how to pronounce it, colicin, anyway, this big C word here. This is a chemical that you can put on cells in a laboratory setting to induce nondisjunction. Now, I don't know if you've heard this word, you may have or may haven't, depending on what order you're kind of watching these videos in, but nondisjunction just means that the chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis. So if you have a cell here with two chromosomes, nondisjunction would be if in the daughter cells, if two of them went here and none went here. That would be nondisjunction. It could also be if you have right? And in the daughter cells, you have two, so three go here, or two go here, and one goes here. Either way, they're not separating equally, so that is nondisjunction. So this chemical can actually induce that in a laboratory setting in case you ever need to study any of these processes. So with that, let's now move on.
