Define each of the following terms:

translation

Key Concepts

Translation in Genetics

Translation is the process by which ribosomes synthesize proteins from messenger RNA (mRNA) templates. During translation, the ribosome reads the sequence of codons in mRNA, and transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring the corresponding amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. This process is essential for expressing the genetic information encoded in DNA.

Role of Ribosomes

Ribosomes are the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis during translation. They consist of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins, forming two subunits that come together on the mRNA strand. Ribosomes facilitate the binding of tRNA to mRNA and catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids, ultimately assembling them into functional proteins.

tRNA and Amino Acids

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a type of RNA that carries specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation. Each tRNA molecule has an anticodon that pairs with a corresponding codon on the mRNA, ensuring the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain. This accurate pairing is crucial for producing proteins with the correct sequence and function.