The results shown are from a DNA test for four genes used in a paternity identification case. DNA for the mother (M) and her child (C) are shown along with DNA from two possible fathers, F1 and F2. Based on the exclusion principle, is either man excluded as the possible father? Explain.

Key Concepts

Exclusion Principle

The exclusion principle in paternity testing states that if a child's DNA profile contains alleles that are not present in the alleged father's DNA profile, that man can be excluded as a biological father. This principle relies on the understanding that a child inherits one allele from each parent, so any discrepancies in alleles can indicate non-paternity.

DNA Profiling

DNA profiling is a technique used to identify individuals based on their unique genetic makeup. In paternity cases, specific loci (locations on the DNA) are analyzed to compare the genetic markers of the child with those of the potential fathers. The more loci that are analyzed, the more accurate the determination of paternity can be.

Alleles

Alleles are different versions of a gene that can exist at a specific locus on a chromosome. In the context of paternity testing, alleles are crucial because they determine the genetic traits passed from parents to offspring. Each individual inherits two alleles for each gene, one from each parent, and the combination of these alleles can provide evidence for or against paternity.