So when we use the term chirality, this is just a property of molecules in which mirror images of molecules are non superimposable. If you go back and take a look at my videos on isomers, you'll see where I did this analogy with these dogs. So here this dog is looking in the mirror. In the mirror it sees its mirror image. Now if we were to take that dog out of the mirror, and slide it over this dog, they wouldn't match up, they wouldn't line up. That's because if we slip this dog over out of the mirror, this spot here would not line up exactly because the spot is over here. Lining this dog up over here would mean that its spot would be on this side. This means that they are mirror images of each other. Now, Optical Isomers. Optical Isomers are also called enantiomers. These are chiral molecules, and they possess 1 or more chiral centers. Now what the heck is a chiral center? Well, a chiral center is where a carbon is connected to 4 unique groups. And if you don't have 4 unique groups, then you're classified as being achiral. So if we take a look here at this molecule on the left, it is achiral. And it's achiral because if we take a look, this carbon is connected to what? An o h, an n h two, but then it's connected to 2 CH threes. It is not connected to 4 different or unique groups. The molecule on the right is chiral because this H is connected to what? An Oh, an NH2, an H, and a CH3. 3 4 unique groups. So this carbon here is chiral. Now chiral molecules we say are optically active. So that's why we say optical, they're optical stereo isomers, that's because they're optically active. All that means is that they rotate Plane Polarized Light. In this level of chemistry, you won't worry, have to worry too much about that at all. That's reserved more for real organic chemistry when you take Orgo 1 and Orgo 2. But for right now just realize they're called optical isomers because they rotate plane polarized light. So this is the definitional explanation of that. Right? So just remember, when we're talking about chirality, we're talking about mirror images, we're talking about a carbon atom within a molecule connected to 4 different or unique groups.
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example
Chirality Example
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1m
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Here in this example question it says, identify the following molecule as chiro or achiro. Now here's a huge hint. When it comes to chiral centers, remember, the carbon must be connected to 4 unique groups. But if you're a double bonded or triple bonded carbon, it's not possible. If we take a look at this double bonded carbon for instance, carbon must make 4 bonds. It's making 1, 2, 3 bonds that we see. That 4th bond is that invisible hydrogen. Now how many groups would that carbon be connected to? 123. Can't get to 4. So if you have a double bond or a triple bond for a carbon, it can't be chiral. So that means we're ignoring all these carbons within this benzene ring, and we're focusing on this carbon here, and this carbon here. The carbon on the far right, it's making one bond, so it has 3 hydrogens we don't see. Definitely not chiral. But this carbon here, it's making 1, 2, 3 bonds that we see, so it has 1 hydrogen that's this this entire Benzene, and then this CH3 group. How many unique groups is that? That's 4 unique groups, which means that this carbon here, is a chiral carbon. Which means the molecule overall would be chiral. So here, we're gonna say the following molecule is a chiral molecule.
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Problem
Problem
Identify chiral centers in the provided optical isomers.
A
B
C
D
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Problem
Problem
Identify molecule(s) capable of rotating plane polarized light.
A
A and D
B
B and C
C
A and C
D
C and D
E
A, C, and D
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concept
Drawing Enantiomers
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2m
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In this video, we're gonna talk about the methods we can use in drawing an enantiomer. Now when drawing enantiomers of a chiral molecule, there are 2 methods available. Now, with method 1, we're gonna draw an image the molecule sees in the mirror. So let's just imagine this blue dotted line here is our mirror, and this molecule was looking into it. It would see back its own reflection. Now, what would this look like? Well, we'd still have this carbon here in the center, it would see this n h two still at the top, And what else would it see? Well, it's looking in the mirror, so it'd see these 2 over here, looking back at it, so we'd have the H with still the dash wedge bond, And we'd have our CH3 group. So we'd have it like this. Remember we wanna show the connection between the carbon carbons. So it's best to draw it this way. And then we'd have the o h back here. This new image that I've just drawn is the mirror image of my original molecule, or it's enantiomer. Remember, enantiomer is the mirror image. Now this one, method 1 is a little bit tricky, because you have to look into the mirror, and you have to draw it kind of like backwards. And your dashed wedge to a solid wedge on the chiral center. You'll keep the molecule in place the way it is. So here carbon would still be here, this NH 2 would still be here, this Oh would still be over here. And all we're doing here is we're inverting the bonds. So now, this dashed bond becomes a wedged bond, and it has the H now. And then this wedged bond becomes a dashed bond, And it has a CH3 connected to it. In this method we keep the molecule stationary in the same spot, and we're just changing the bonds that show spatial orientation. Alright. So we could call this the inversion method for method 2. Right. So these are the 2 different ways we can draw the enantiomer of our original chiral molecule.
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example
Chirality Example
Video duration:
1m
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So here it says, drawing answers for each given chiral molecule using method 1. Alright. So here we're going to imagine this is our mirror, and our molecule looks into it. When it does, it sees back its own reflection. So here we have our carbon, it would see this Oh back in the mirror, we'd still have this methyl group here, and then we have these 2 in the back. Make sure you're showing the connections correctly, carbon to carbon. And then here connected to the H. So this would be the enantiomer or mirror image of our original molecule. For the second one, we imagine there's a mirror here. We'd have these 2 carbons still connected to each other. And we're looking at our reflection in the mirror. So we'd have that h there, we'd have this h here, and this h here. And in the back, we have this h still here. This b r here in the back. And then finally, our n h two here. So this would represent our 2nd mirror image or second enantiomer for this chiral molecule in option 2. Right. So this is how you would show both of our mirror images or enantiomers of our original chiral molecules.
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Problem
Problem
Provide the enantiomer using method 2. (Hint: chiral center is circled in red.)
A
B
C
D
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Problem
Problem
Predict enantiomer for thalidomide compound given below.