Without drawing their structures, classify each of the following compounds as an alkane, alkene, or alkyne. Assuming that only one multiple bond is present and all are noncyclical.

a. C₉H₁₆ 

b. C₄H₈ 

c. C₈H₁₆ 

d. C₆H₁₄ 

Identify the empirical and molecular formulas for the structure below:

How can fracking operations lead to environmental pollution and damage?

(i) The fracking fluid and the additives used are volatile and may escape into the atmosphere.

(ii) The fracking fluid and other petroleum compounds may leak through the well and reach underground water.

(iii) Methane, hydrogen sulfide, and smaller petroleum products may escape into the atmosphere.