For the reaction below, determine the standard cell potential and the standard Gibbs free energy (in kJ):

2 Ti(s) + 3 Ge²⁺(aq) → 2 Ti³⁺(aq) + 3 Ge(s)

E°_red (Ti³⁺/Ti) = –1.37 V

E°_red (Ge²⁺/Ge) = +0.24 V

Used in handheld devices, such as smartphones, lithium-ion batteries can deliver a potential of 3.70 V. Calculate the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) for the reaction of this cell:

Li(s) + CoO₂(s) → LiCoO₂(s)

The +1 oxidation state is the most stable state for Tl, but it is not as common for Ga. Calculate the standard potential and standard Gibbs free energy (in kJ) for the disproportionation reaction below to explain this phenomenon

3 M⁺(aq) → M³⁺ (aq) + 2 M (s)              M = Ga or Tl

Is the reaction spontaneous for either Ga⁺ or Tl⁺? The relevant standard reduction potentials are listed below

Tl³⁺(aq) + 2 e^-→ Tl⁺ (aq)                  E° = +1.25 V

Tl⁺(aq) + e^-→ Tl (s)                          E° = -0.34 V

Ga³⁺(aq) + 2 e^-→ Ga⁺ (aq)               E° = -0.35 V

Ga⁺(aq) + e^-→ Ga (s)                       E° = -0.20 V