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Ch.6 - Thermochemistry
Chapter 6, Problem 98

A 100-W lightbulb is placed in a cylinder equipped with a moveable piston. The lightbulb is turned on for 0.015 hour, and the assembly expands from an initial volume of 0.85 L to a final volume of 5.88 L against an external pressure of 1.0 atm. Use the wattage of the lightbulb and the time it is on to calculate ΔE in joules (assume that the cylinder and lightbulb assembly is the system and assume two significant figures). Calculate w. Calculate q.

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Convert the time the lightbulb is on from hours to seconds by multiplying 0.015 hours by 3600 seconds/hour.
Calculate the energy supplied by the lightbulb in joules using the formula: \( q = \text{power} \times \text{time} \), where power is 100 W and time is the converted time in seconds.
Calculate the work done by the system using the formula: \( w = -P_{\text{ext}} \times \Delta V \), where \( P_{\text{ext}} \) is the external pressure (1.0 atm) and \( \Delta V \) is the change in volume (final volume - initial volume). Convert the work from L·atm to joules using the conversion factor 1 L·atm = 101.3 J.
Determine the change in internal energy, \( \Delta E \), using the first law of thermodynamics: \( \Delta E = q + w \).
Ensure that all values are reported with two significant figures, as specified in the problem statement.
Related Practice
Open Question
The citizens of the world burn the fossil fuel equivalent of 7 * 10^12 kg of petroleum per year. Assume that all of this petroleum is in the form of octane (C8H18) and calculate how much CO2 (in kg) the world produces from fossil fuel combustion per year. (Hint: Begin by writing a balanced equation for the combustion of octane.) If the atmosphere currently contains approximately 3 * 10^15 kg of CO2, how long will it take for the world’s fossil fuel combustion to double the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide?
Textbook Question

In a sunny location, sunlight has a power density of about 1 kW/m2. Photovoltaic solar cells can convert this power into electricity with 15% efficiency. If a typical home uses 385 kWh of electricity per month, how many square meters of solar cells are required to meet its energy requirements? Assume that electricity can be generated from the sunlight for 8 hours per day.

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Textbook Question

The kinetic energy of a rolling billiard ball is given by KE = 1/2 mv2. Suppose a 0.17-kg billiard ball is rolling down a pool table with an initial speed of 4.5 m/s. As it travels, it loses some of its energy as heat. The ball slows down to 3.8 m/s and then collides head-on with a second billiard ball of equal mass. The first billiard ball completely stops and the second one rolls away with a velocity of 3.8 m/s. Assume the first billiard ball is the system. Calculate q.

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Open Question
Evaporating sweat cools the body because evaporation is an endothermic process: H2O(l) → H2O(g) ΔH°rxn = +44.01 kJ. Estimate the mass of water that must evaporate from the skin to cool the body by 0.50°C. Assume a body mass of 95 kg and assume that the specific heat capacity of the body is 4.0 J/g°C.
Textbook Question

LP gas burns according to the exothermic reaction: C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g) ΔH°rxn = –2044 kJ What mass of LP gas is necessary to heat 1.5 L of water from room temperature (25.0 °C) to boiling (100.0 °C)? Assume that during heating, 15% of the heat emitted by the LP gas combustion goes to heat the water. The rest is lost as heat to the surroundings.

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Textbook Question

Use standard enthalpies of formation to calculate the standard change in enthalpy for the melting of ice. (The ΔH°f for H2O(s) is –291.8 kJ/mol.)

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