Consider the collection of nonmetallic elements: B, As, O, and I. (d) Which element would likely to participate in two covalent bonds?

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Identify the valence electrons for each element: B (Boron) has 3, As (Arsenic) has 5, O (Oxygen) has 6, and I (Iodine) has 7 valence electrons.

Recall that elements tend to form covalent bonds to achieve a full outer shell, typically 8 electrons, following the octet rule.

Determine how many additional electrons each element needs to reach a full octet: B needs 5, As needs 3, O needs 2, and I needs 1.

Recognize that the number of covalent bonds an element typically forms is equal to the number of electrons it needs to achieve a full octet.

Conclude that Oxygen, which needs 2 more electrons to complete its octet, is likely to participate in two covalent bonds.

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