Table of contents
- 0. Review of Algebra4h 16m
- 1. Equations & Inequalities3h 18m
- 2. Graphs of Equations43m
- 3. Functions2h 17m
- 4. Polynomial Functions1h 44m
- 5. Rational Functions1h 23m
- 6. Exponential & Logarithmic Functions2h 28m
- 7. Systems of Equations & Matrices4h 6m
- 8. Conic Sections2h 23m
- 9. Sequences, Series, & Induction1h 19m
- 10. Combinatorics & Probability1h 45m
4. Polynomial Functions
Zeros of Polynomial Functions
Problem 109
Textbook Question
Find all complex zeros of each polynomial function. Give exact values. List multiple zeros as necessary.* ƒ(x)=x^4+2x^2+1
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insert step 1: Recognize that the polynomial \( f(x) = x^4 + 2x^2 + 1 \) can be rewritten in a quadratic form by substituting \( u = x^2 \). This gives us \( f(u) = u^2 + 2u + 1 \).
insert step 2: Notice that \( f(u) = u^2 + 2u + 1 \) is a perfect square trinomial. It can be factored as \( (u + 1)^2 \).
insert step 3: Substitute back \( u = x^2 \) into the factored form to get \( (x^2 + 1)^2 \).
insert step 4: Set \( x^2 + 1 = 0 \) to find the zeros. Solve for \( x \) by isolating \( x^2 \) to get \( x^2 = -1 \).
insert step 5: Solve \( x^2 = -1 \) to find the complex zeros. The solutions are \( x = i \) and \( x = -i \), where \( i \) is the imaginary unit.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Complex Zeros
Complex zeros are the solutions to a polynomial equation that may include imaginary numbers. They occur when the polynomial does not intersect the x-axis in the real number system. For example, a polynomial of degree n can have up to n complex zeros, which may be real or non-real. Understanding how to find these zeros is crucial for analyzing polynomial functions.
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Factoring Polynomials
Factoring polynomials involves expressing the polynomial as a product of simpler polynomials or linear factors. This process is essential for finding the zeros of the polynomial, as the zeros correspond to the values of x that make each factor equal to zero. Techniques such as grouping, using the quadratic formula, or recognizing special patterns (like perfect squares) are commonly employed in this process.
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The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra states that every non-constant polynomial function of degree n has exactly n complex roots, counting multiplicities. This theorem guarantees that we can find all zeros of a polynomial, whether they are real or complex. It is a foundational concept in algebra that helps in understanding the behavior of polynomial functions and their graphs.
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