Hi. In this video, we're going to be talking about peroxisomes. So peroxisomes are actually organelles, and you may not have even heard of them before because they're typically not an organelle that's talked about a lot because they don't have this huge function. But, they do have an important function in the cell, and so we're going to mention them briefly here. So, peroxisomes are the organelle that contain toxic chemical reactions. One of the main reactions that peroxisomes do is they use oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide. And we know hydrogen peroxide is this kind of toxic chemical; it's especially toxic in cells and so, cells don't want it, but they need to produce it for other things; they need to contain it. They do that in peroxisomes. There's an enzyme in peroxisomes called catalase, and this is an enzyme that uses the hydrogen peroxide that's made by the cell and it oxidizes other toxic molecules. Things like ethanol, or any other kind of toxic chemical that the peroxisome, that the cell doesn't want, so the peroxisome needs to handle. There are about 50 enzymes responsible for various chemical pathways in peroxisomes, one of these is involved in lipid synthesis. And so, one of the lipids that they do that you might see in your book is called plasminogen, and these are just phospholipids with glycerol attached via the special ether bond. So the peroxisome function isn't only toxic reactions, it's other things as well, including lipid synthesis. Now, in plants, peroxisomes have a special function in this special cycle that you don't necessarily need to know about other than there's this cycle, it's called this if you read about it. That converts fatty acids to carbohydrates and peroxisomes do that location. And then also, beta oxidation which is otherwise known as the breakdown of fatty acids, also occurs in peroxisomes. Here's an example of a reaction. Now, you don't need to know this reaction whatsoever in any way, but this is kind of how peroxisomes can use this hydrogen peroxide that's created by the cell or within the peroxisomes to oxidize other toxic molecules, so this is just some kind of toxic molecule. And you end up with a less toxic molecule and water. So, hydrogen peroxide is important for that, but you don't want it running rampant through the cell, so the peroxisome contains it there. Now, peroxisomes are created in the ER, and so when they're created they actually bud off and fuse with other buds to form new peroxisomes. So they start off with these little buds, these little vesicles that will join together to form these larger peroxisomes, which handle these toxic reactions. And, how proteins actually get to peroxisomes is they use this sorting signal called an SKKL sorting signal. And this exists on proteins called peroxins proteins. These are proteins found in the peroxisome. If so, this is how proteins get into the peroxisomes, but if there's some kind of mess up here, so the proteins that are supposed to get there don't or there's defects in peroxisomal proteins, it can cause some serious diseases. One of these is Zellweger syndrome, which is really a devastating disease, found in very young children and, that's not good. So, I don't think there's an example here just because, there's not really a good image or a good example for this. So sorry about that, but just know, peroxisomes handle toxic reactions, and you'll be good to go. So with that, let's now move on.
Table of contents
- 1. Overview of Cell Biology2h 49m
- 2. Chemical Components of Cells1h 14m
- 3. Energy1h 33m
- 4. DNA, Chromosomes, and Genomes2h 31m
- 5. DNA to RNA to Protein2h 31m
- 6. Proteins1h 36m
- 7. Gene Expression1h 42m
- 8. Membrane Structure1h 4m
- 9. Transport Across Membranes1h 52m
- 10. Anerobic Respiration1h 5m
- 11. Aerobic Respiration1h 11m
- 12. Photosynthesis52m
- 13. Intracellular Protein Transport2h 18m
- Membrane Enclosed Organelles19m
- Protein Sorting9m
- ER Processing and Transport20m
- Golgi Processing and Transport17m
- Vesicular Budding, Transport, and Coat Proteins15m
- Targeting Proteins to the Mitochondria and Chloroplast7m
- Lysosomal and Degradation Pathways10m
- Endocytic Pathways21m
- Exocytosis6m
- Peroxisomes5m
- Plant Vacuole4m
- 14. Cell Signaling1h 28m
- 15. Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement1h 39m
- 16. Cell Division3h 5m
- 17. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction50m
- 18. Cell Junctions and Tissues48m
- 19. Stem Cells13m
- 20. Cancer44m
- 21. The Immune System1h 6m
- 22. Techniques in Cell Biology1h 41m
- The Light Microscope5m
- Electron Microscopy6m
- The Use of Radioisotopes4m
- Cell Culture8m
- Isolation and Purification of Proteins7m
- Studying Proteins9m
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization2m
- DNA Cloning12m
- Polymerase Chain Reaction - PCR6m
- DNA Sequencing5m
- DNA libraries5m
- DNA Transfer into Cells2m
- Tracking Protein Movement2m
- RNA interference4m
- Genetic Screens13m
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13. Intracellular Protein Transport
Peroxisomes
13. Intracellular Protein Transport
Peroxisomes - Online Tutor, Practice Problems & Exam Prep
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Peroxisomes are essential organelles that facilitate toxic chemical reactions in cells, primarily producing hydrogen peroxide, which is then utilized by the enzyme catalase to oxidize harmful substances like ethanol. They also play a role in lipid synthesis, including the production of plasmalogens. In plants, peroxisomes convert fatty acids to carbohydrates and participate in β-oxidation. Proteins enter peroxisomes via the SKKL sorting signal, and defects can lead to severe conditions such as Zellweger syndrome. Understanding peroxisome functions is crucial for grasping cellular metabolism and detoxification processes.
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concept
Peroxisomes
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Video transcript
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Problem
ProblemWhat is the function of a peroxisome?
A
Maintain acidity of the cell
B
Contain toxic reactions
C
Protein synthesis
D
Protein glycosylation