{Use of Tech} Flow from a tank A cylindrical tank ​​is full at time t=0 when a valve in the bottom of the tank is opened. By Torricelli’s law, the volume of water in the tank after t hours is V=100(200−t)², measured in cubic meters.
d. At what time is the magnitude of the flow rate a minimum? A maximum?  

Verified step by step guidance

1. First, understand that the flow rate is the derivative of the volume with respect to time. So, we need to find the derivative of V with respect to t, which is V(t) = 100(200-t)^2.
2. Apply the chain rule to differentiate V(t) = 100(200-t)^2. Let u = 200-t, then V(t) = 100u^2. The derivative of V with respect to t is dV/dt = 100 * 2u * (-1) = -200u.
3. Substitute back u = 200-t into the derivative to get dV/dt = -200(200-t). This represents the flow rate of water from the tank.
4. To find when the flow rate is a minimum or maximum, we need to analyze the critical points of dV/dt. Set the derivative of dV/dt with respect to t equal to zero and solve for t.
5. Since dV/dt = -200(200-t), the derivative is constant and does not have any critical points. Therefore, the flow rate is maximum at t=0 and decreases linearly over time, reaching a minimum when the tank is empty.

Key Concepts

Torricelli's Law

Torricelli's Law describes the speed of fluid flowing out of an orifice under the influence of gravity. It states that the speed of efflux is proportional to the square root of the height of the fluid above the opening. This principle is crucial for understanding how the volume of water in the tank changes over time, as it directly relates to the flow rate and the volume function provided.

Flow Rate

The flow rate is the volume of fluid that passes through a given surface per unit time. In this context, it can be determined by taking the derivative of the volume function V(t) with respect to time t. Analyzing the flow rate helps identify when it reaches its minimum and maximum values, which is essential for solving the problem posed.

Critical Points

Critical points occur where the derivative of a function is zero or undefined, indicating potential local maxima or minima. To find the times when the flow rate is at a minimum or maximum, one must calculate the derivative of the flow rate function and solve for these critical points. This analysis is fundamental in determining the behavior of the flow rate over time.