Table of contents
- 0. Functions7h 52m
- Introduction to Functions16m
- Piecewise Functions10m
- Properties of Functions9m
- Common Functions1h 8m
- Transformations5m
- Combining Functions27m
- Exponent rules32m
- Exponential Functions28m
- Logarithmic Functions24m
- Properties of Logarithms34m
- Exponential & Logarithmic Equations35m
- Introduction to Trigonometric Functions38m
- Graphs of Trigonometric Functions44m
- Trigonometric Identities47m
- Inverse Trigonometric Functions48m
- 1. Limits and Continuity2h 2m
- 2. Intro to Derivatives1h 33m
- 3. Techniques of Differentiation3h 18m
- 4. Applications of Derivatives2h 38m
- 5. Graphical Applications of Derivatives6h 2m
- 6. Derivatives of Inverse, Exponential, & Logarithmic Functions2h 37m
- 7. Antiderivatives & Indefinite Integrals1h 26m
- 8. Definite Integrals4h 44m
- 9. Graphical Applications of Integrals2h 27m
- 10. Physics Applications of Integrals 2h 22m
3. Techniques of Differentiation
The Chain Rule
Problem 89
Textbook Question
Second derivatives Find d²y/dx² for the following functions.
y = e^-2x²

1
Step 1: Identify the function y = e^{-2x^2}. This is an exponential function where the exponent is a function of x, specifically -2x^2.
Step 2: Find the first derivative, dy/dx. Use the chain rule, which states that if y = e^u, then dy/dx = e^u * du/dx. Here, u = -2x^2, so du/dx = -4x.
Step 3: Apply the chain rule to find dy/dx = e^{-2x^2} * (-4x) = -4x * e^{-2x^2}.
Step 4: Find the second derivative, d²y/dx². Differentiate dy/dx = -4x * e^{-2x^2} using the product rule, which states that if u and v are functions of x, then d(uv)/dx = u'v + uv'.
Step 5: Apply the product rule: Let u = -4x and v = e^{-2x^2}. Then, u' = -4 and v' = e^{-2x^2} * (-4x) (using the chain rule again). Substitute these into the product rule formula to find d²y/dx².

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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Second Derivative
The second derivative of a function measures the rate of change of the first derivative. It provides information about the concavity of the function and can indicate points of inflection where the function changes from concave up to concave down or vice versa. Mathematically, it is denoted as d²y/dx² and is calculated by differentiating the first derivative.
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Exponential Functions
Exponential functions are mathematical expressions in the form y = a * e^(bx), where e is Euler's number (approximately 2.71828). In the context of the given function y = e^(-2x²), the exponent is a quadratic expression, which affects the growth and decay behavior of the function. Understanding the properties of exponential functions is crucial for differentiating them correctly.
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Chain Rule
The chain rule is a fundamental differentiation technique used when differentiating composite functions. It states that if a function y is composed of another function u, then the derivative of y with respect to x can be found by multiplying the derivative of y with respect to u by the derivative of u with respect to x. This rule is essential for finding derivatives of functions like y = e^(-2x²), where the exponent is a function of x.
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