VISUAL SKILLS Choose the term that correctly describes the relationship between these two sugar molecules: a. structural isomers b. cis-trans isomers c. enantiomers d. isotopes

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Understand the terms. Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula. Cis-trans isomers are a type of stereoisomer where the spatial positioning of the molecule differs around a double bond or a ring structure. Enantiomers are a type of stereoisomer that are mirror images of each other but are not superimposable. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
2. Step 2: Look at the two sugar molecules. Are they the same molecule but arranged differently? If so, they are isomers.
3. Step 3: Determine if the molecules are mirror images of each other. If they are, they are enantiomers.
4. Step 4: If the molecules are not mirror images, but their spatial positioning differs around a double bond or a ring structure, they are cis-trans isomers.
5. Step 5: If the molecules have the same molecular formula but different structural formula, they are structural isomers. If none of these conditions are met, the molecules are not isomers.

Key Concepts

Structural Isomers

Structural isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms. This variation can lead to different physical and chemical properties. For example, glucose and fructose are structural isomers, both having the formula C6H12O6 but differing in their structural configurations.

Cis-Trans Isomers

Cis-trans isomers, also known as geometric isomers, occur due to the restricted rotation around a double bond or a ring structure. In cis isomers, similar groups are on the same side, while in trans isomers, they are on opposite sides. This difference can significantly affect the properties and reactivity of the molecules.

Enantiomers

Enantiomers are a type of stereoisomer that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. They typically arise in molecules that contain a chiral center, where four different groups are attached to a carbon atom. Enantiomers can have drastically different biological activities, making their distinction crucial in fields like pharmacology.