Introduction to Eukaryotic Gene Regulation - Video Tutorials & Practice Problems
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concept
Introduction to Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
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Video transcript
In this video, we're going to begin our introduction to eukaryotic gene regulation. And so gene regulation in eukaryotes is extremely important to allow for a process known as differential gene expression. And so differential gene expression is a process that allows for multicellular organisms to express genes differently in different cells, which is going to allow multicellular organisms to have different cell types. Now what's important to note is that all cells of a multicellular organism have the same genome or the same set of DNA, but they have a different proteome or a different set of proteins. And the reason that these different cell types have a different proteome is because their genes are being regulated differently. There is differential gene expression and different forms of regulation occurring in different cells. And so as we move forward in our course, we'll be able to talk about all of the different types of gene regulation that can occur inside of eukaryotes. But for now, let's take a look at our image down below, which will help us better understand differential gene expression and how it can lead to different cell types within a multicellular organism. And so, for example, liver cells and skin cells of a multicellular organism, they're going to have the same DNA or the same genome, but those genes will have be expressed differently. So different genes are going to be expressed, and that leads to a different proteome or a different set of proteins, and that leads to different cell types. And so over here on the far left hand side, notice that we're showing you a single eukaryotic cell. And, eukaryotic multicellular organisms, like humans, for example, they start off as a single eukaryotic cell. And so, this single eukaryotic cell is, of course, going to divide to create trillions of cells. But it is also going to undergo differential gene expression, where different cells are going to be regulating their genes differently, leading to different proteins being expressed, which leads to different cell types. And so the liver cell is going to have the same DNA as the red blood cell, which has the same DNA as the neuron and the skin cell and the kidney cell. So the DNA of all of these cell types is the same. But what is different is the expression of those genes. The expression of the DNA is different. And the expression of the DNA leads to a different proteome, a different set of proteins. And so the liver cell, although it has the same DNA as all of these other ones, it has a unique proteome in comparison to these other, cell types. And so, what you'll see here is that a eukaryotic multicellular organism like a human is going to have a whole bunch of different cell types, all thanks to differential gene expression. And so again, differential gene expression is possible through all of the different forms of gene regulation that eukaryotes are capable of performing. Regulation in eukaryotes as we move forward in our course. But for now, this here concludes our introduction to eukaryotic gene regulation, and I'll see you guys in our next video.
2
Problem
Problem
The process of cellular differentiation is a direct result of:
A
Differential gene expression.
B
Mutations made in specific cells.
C
Different types of cell division.
D
Apoptosis.
E
Differences in cellular genomes.
3
concept
Map of Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Video duration:
4m
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Video transcript
In this video, we're going to introduce our map of eukaryotic gene regulation, which is down below in our image right here. And so notice that this image is showing you gene expression, where genes or DNA can be used as a template to build proteins in the process called translation. And recall from our previous lesson videos that eukaryotic gene regulation can occur at any of these five stages of regulation, that we have number number 1 here, number 2, 3, 4, and 5. And so the first level that regulation can occur at is chromatin rearrangements or just chromatin modifications. And as we move forward in our course, we're going to talk about these, stages of gene regulation in their particular order. So we'll start off with chromatin rearrangements or chromatin modifications, which includes the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin, histoneacetylation, and DNA methylation, all topics that we'll talk about moving forward. And then we'll move on to transcriptional control, which is going to control the process of transcription, and that includes general transcription factors and specific transcription and processing of and processing of mRNA to, provide protection for mRNA. Then we'll move on to translational control, such as things like RNA interference. And then last but not least, we'll talk about post translational control, which includes protein modifications, such as for example protein ubiquitination. And so really what you see here, this is a map, and you can use this just like you would use a map to guide you throughout our lesson moving forward. So you can make predictions about what we're going to cover next and the order of the topics. And we're gonna start off talking about, again, chromatin rearrangements, working our way down, and then shifting over to the second one, transcriptional control working down, then post transcriptional, and so on in this order that you see here. And so, over here on the right, notice we have a trimmed up version of this same exact map. It's just a smaller version, and this is a version of the map that we're going to use moving forward as a reference. And so what you'll notice is that it has the chromatin modification, it has transcriptional control, RNA processing, which is post transcriptional control, Then it has m n mRNA degradation, which is gonna be a type of post transcriptional control. And then it has translation, which would be translational And so really And so really this image that you see here is a representation and a consolidation of this large map that we have of eukaryotic gene regulation. And so what you'll notice about this map is that it's actually representing a cell, and here is the whole box here represents the cell and inside of the cell you have this circle here, which represents the nucleus. And so chromatin modifications, transcription, and RNA processing, post transcriptional controls are going to occur within the nucleus of a eukaryotic organism. But other, gene gene regulation strategies such as mRNA degradation, translation, translational control, and post translational modification, they occur in the cytoplasm of the cell. And so we'll be able to focus on those details as well as we move forward in our course. But for now, this here concludes our brief introduction to the map of eukaryotic gene regulation. And again, you can reference this map as we move forward in our course. And so we're going to start off talking about chromatin rearrangements or chromatin modifications, and I'll see you all in that video.