Punnett Squares definitions Flashcards

A diagram used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross, representing meiosis and fertilization outcomes for specific traits.

The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by the combination of alleles inherited from both parents, determining specific traits.

Observable traits of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genetic makeup and environment.

A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four genetically diverse haploid cells, essential for sexual reproduction.

The process by which haploid sex cells are produced through meiosis, ensuring genetic diversity in offspring.

The process where male and female gametes combine to form a zygote, initiating the development of a new organism.

The process where male and female gametes combine to form a zygote, initiating the development of a new organism.

A characteristic or feature of an organism, determined by genetic and environmental factors, that can be inherited and varies among individuals.

Recessive An organism with two identical recessive alleles for a trait, resulting in the expression of the recessive phenotype.

Having two different alleles for a specific gene, one inherited from each parent, resulting in a mixed genotype.

A variant form of a gene at a specific locus on a chromosome, responsible for different traits.

An allele that masks the expression of another allele in a heterozygous genotype, determining the organism's phenotype.

An allele that only expresses its phenotype when two copies are present, as it is masked by a dominant allele when heterozygous.

A grid used to predict the genotypes of offspring from a genetic cross, representing the combination of parental alleles and their probabilities.

Probability The likelihood of a specific outcome occurring in a random event, often expressed as a fraction, percentage, or ratio, and used to predict genetic variations in Punnett squares.

Coin flips represent independent events with a 50% probability for heads or tails, analogous to allele segregation in Punnett squares, where each fertilization event is unaffected by others.

Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect the outcome of the other, such as coin flips or separate fertilization events in genetics.

The union of a sperm and egg cell, resulting in the formation of a zygote, where the genetic material from both parents combines to initiate the development of a new organism.

The probability of multiple independent events occurring together is the product of their individual probabilities.

The probability of either of two mutually exclusive events occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities.

The process of breeding two organisms to analyze the inheritance of specific traits, often visualized using Punnett squares to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

Different versions of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome, influencing specific traits.

Having two identical dominant alleles for a specific gene, resulting in the expression of the dominant trait.

Having two different alleles for a specific gene, one inherited from each parent.

Having two identical alleles for a recessive trait, resulting in the expression of that trait.

The genetic constitution of an organism, representing the specific alleles inherited from both parents, which determines potential traits and characteristics.

The result of reproduction, inheriting genetic material from parent organisms, and exhibiting traits from both.

A gene that confers resistance to specific pathogens, often through the production of proteins that recognize and respond to pathogen-derived molecules.