Developmental Biology quiz Flashcards

The two main types of cell interactions are herocrine and juxtacrine.

Animal cells move around to create specialized tissues, while plant cells expand in size to change shape and form.

Apoptosis is programmed cell death, and it is crucial for processes like the separation of digits in fingers.

Differential gene expression is the process by which cells with the same genetic makeup express different genes to become different cell types.

Transcription factors influence which genes are turned on or off in a cell.

Morphogens indicate cell position via concentration gradients, helping to determine cell fate and body axes.

Hox genes are a type of homeotic gene that control the development of specific anatomical structures along the anterior-posterior axis.

Fertilization, the fusion of sperm and egg, forms a zygote and triggers a series of reactions that prevent multiple sperm from entering the egg.

The cortical reaction releases calcium to depolarize the egg membrane, preventing additional sperm from fusing with the egg.

The anterior-posterior axis runs from the head (anterior) to the tail (posterior) of an organism.

The dorsal-ventral axis runs from the back (dorsal) to the belly (ventral) of an organism.

Highly conserved genes, like Hox genes, have been preserved through evolution and play crucial roles in development across different species.

Bicoid and Nanos create concentration gradients that help establish the head and abdomen regions in Drosophila embryos.

Gap genes help refine the broad strokes of body axis formation during early development.

Transcriptional regulation determines which genes are transcribed into mRNA, influencing the cell's phenotype.

Pattern formation involves the complex organization of different cell fates in the body over space and time, controlled by genes and influenced by morphogens that establish body axes and patterns during development.

Differentiation is the process by which an undifferentiated cell becomes a specialized cell type, such as a neuron or epithelial cell, through differential gene expression.

The abdomen or tail region of Drosophila develops in areas with a low concentration of bicoid protein.

Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into any cell type, playing a crucial role in development and tissue repair.

Approximately 1 in 30 infants, or about 3.3%, born to 45-year-old mothers have Down syndrome.

Homeotic genes can be likened to a blueprint or master plan, as they control the development of specific anatomical structures in organisms.

The region with the highest concentration of bicoid protein is most likely to develop into the Drosophila's head.

The steps are called metamorphosis.

During gastrulation in frogs, a rod of mesoderm forms the notochord.

Most animals develop from three primary embryonic tissues: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

The deletion of segments B and C would likely result in a decrease in the amount of hoxd13 mRNA, as these segments are crucial for its expression.

The gradient of bicoid protein in a fertilized egg is produced by the diffusion of the protein from its site of synthesis at the anterior end of the egg.