19. Genomics

(d)Primates and rodents diverged about 65 million years ago, and chimpanzees and humans diverged about 6 million years ago (see Figure 21.17). How many amino acid differences are there between the sequence for the mouse and the sequence for the chimpanzee, gorilla, and rhesus monkey? How many amino acid differences are there between the human se-quence and the sequence for the chimpanzee, gorilla, and rhesus monkey? Based solely on the numbers of amino acid differences occurring over these time periods, what might you hypothesize about the rate of evolution of the FOXP2gene? Based on the information in the chapter regarding the FOXP2 gene, is your hypothesis correct?

(c)In the human sequence, underline any amino acid that differs from the sequence for the chimpanzee, gorilla, and rhesus monkey.

(b)In the sequence for the mouse, circle any amino acid that differs from the sequence for the chimpanzee, gorilla, and rhesus monkey. Then draw a box around any amino acid that differs from the human sequence.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek made an important contribution to the development of the cell theory. How? a. He articulated that all organisms are made of cells. b. He articulated that all cells come from preexisting cells. c. He invented the first microscope and saw the first cell. d. He invented more powerful microscopes and was the first to describe the diversity of cells

Homeotic genes a. encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures. b. are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods. c. are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain. d. encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly.

What does it mean to say that experimental conditions are controlled? Select True or False for each statement. T/F The test groups consist of the same individuals. T/F The null hypothesis is correct. T/F There is no difference in outcome between the control and experimental treatment. T/F All physical conditions except for one are identical for all groups tested.

Two eukaryotic proteins have one domain in common but are otherwise very different. Which of the following processes is most likely to have contributed to this similarity? a. gene duplication b. alternative splicing c. exon shuffling d. random point mutations

What is a homeotic mutant? a. an individual with a structure located in the wrong place b. an individual with an abnormal head-to-tail axis c. an individual that is missing segments d. an individual with double the normal number of structures

The human genome size is 3 billion base pairs, and the size of the baker's yeast genome, a single-celled organism, is 12 million base pairs. Therefore, the predicted genome size for another single-celled organism, an amoeba, a. is about the size of the human genome b. is about the size of the yeast genome c. is somewhere between the sizes of the yeast and human genomes d. cannot be predicted with any certainty

Use a highlighter to color any amino acid that varies among the species. (Color that amino acid in all sequences.) e. Primates and rodents diverged between 60 and 100 million years ago, and chimpanzees and humans about 6 million years ago. Compare the amino acid differences between the mouse and the C, G, R species with those between the human and the C, G, R species. What can you conclude?

Use a highlighter to color any amino acid that varies among the species. (Color that amino acid in all sequences.) d. In the M sequence, circle the amino acid(s) that differ from the C, G, R sequences, and draw a square around those that differ from the H sequence.

Use a highlighter to color any amino acid that varies among the species. (Color that amino acid in all sequences.) c. The O sequence differs from the C, G, R sequences at one amino acid (having V instead of A) and from the H sequence at three amino acids. Identify the O sequence.

Use a highlighter to color any amino acid that varies among the species. (Color that amino acid in all sequences.) b. The H sequence differs from that of the C, G, R species at two amino acids. Underline the two differences in the H sequence.

Use a highlighter to color any amino acid that varies among the species. (Color that amino acid in all sequences.) a.The C, G, R sequences are identical. Identify which lines correspond to those sequences.

A tool-kit gene is               .

Explain how RNA-seq can be used to analyze patterns of gene expression.

What would researchers have to demonstrate to convince you that they had discovered life on another planet?

Consider the validity of the following statements about genome editing. Select True or False for each statement. T/F Cas proteins work as endonucleases. T/F sgRNA is used by bacterial cells to detect which DNA to cut. T/F Homologous recombination is always used to join pieces of broken DNA. T/F It is possible to modify genes as well as disrupt them by genome editing.

Gene density is the number of genes per million base pairs (Mbp). Using Figure 20.5b, find the approximate number of genes estimated in water fleas and in humans, and note the size of each genome. Calculate the gene density in water fleas relative to that in humans.