Which of the following is/are plant defenses against the herbivores that feed on them?

• A. Thick sclerenchymal cells that are difficult to chew
• B. Physical defenses, such as thorns and spines
• C. Distasteful compounds
• D. Chemicals that mimic insect hormones and cause developmental malformations in insects that eat them
• E. All of the listed responses are correct.

Answer: (E)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that plants have evolved various defense mechanisms to protect themselves from herbivores. These defenses can be physical, chemical, or a combination of both.
2. Recognize that thick sclerenchymal cells are a type of physical defense. These cells have thick, lignified walls that make plant tissues tough and difficult for herbivores to chew.
3. Identify physical defenses such as thorns and spines. These structures physically deter herbivores by causing physical harm or discomfort when they attempt to feed on the plant.
4. Consider distasteful compounds as a chemical defense. These compounds can make the plant unpalatable or toxic to herbivores, reducing the likelihood of being eaten.
5. Acknowledge that some plants produce chemicals that mimic insect hormones. These chemicals can interfere with the development of insects that consume the plant, causing malformations or other developmental issues, thus acting as a chemical defense.