In this video, we're going to begin our introduction to cell division. Now, cell division can be defined as the process of a single parent cell dividing or splitting into greater than or equal to 2 or more daughter cells. And so, this term "daughter cells," you'll hear your professor use it occasionally from time to time, and you'll see it throughout your textbooks as well. And so, this term "daughter cells" is really just referring to the cells that result from cell division or cell splitting. Now, moving forward in our course, we're going to talk about 3 main types of cell division, and we have these 3 main types numbered 1, 2, and 3 down below. And of course, the numbers in our text correspond with the numbers that you see down below throughout our image. And so, the first main type of cell division that we're going to introduce is called Binary Fission. And really the most important thing that you should know about binary fission is that this is a type of prokaryotic cell division. And so only prokaryotic cells like bacteria or archaea are going to divide by binary fission. But eukaryotic cells that do have a nucleus, they do not divide by binary fission. And so, let's take a look at our image down below over here on the left-hand side to clear some of this up. And so notice that we're showing you an image of binary fission. And once again, binary fission is a type of cell division that only occurs in prokaryotic cells like bacteria or archaea that do not have a nucleus. And so notice here we're showing you a single parent prokaryotic cell that does not have a nucleus, and notice that its DNA is just floating on the inside of the cell in the cytoplasm in a region called the nucleoid, which, that is review from our older lesson videos. But, the big point here of binary fission is that it starts with a prokaryotic cell, and notice that by the end of the process, there are 2 cells, 2 prokaryotic cells. And so these 2 cells are termed the daughter cells since these are the cells that result from the cell division. And notice that each daughter cell down below has a copy of the DNA which is in green, and that means that this original copy of the DNA is going to have to get replicated or duplicated at some point in this process, but we'll talk more about DNA replication later in our course. And again, the biggest takeaway for binary fission is that this is how prokaryotic cells divide. Now, the other two types of cell division that we're going to introduce, are types of eukaryotic cell division. And so we're going to look at them specifically as they apply to the human life cycle. And so the second type of cell division that we're going to talk about is mitosis, whereas the third type of cell division that we're going to talk about is meiosis. Now, I'll admit, at first glance, mitosis and meiosis, they sound really, really similar. And in fact, it turns out not only do they sound similar, but they also have a lot of similarities. But mitosis and meiosis are different processes. And so moving forward in our course, it's going to be very important for you guys to be able to distinguish between mitosis and meiosis. Now moving forward in our course, we're mainly going to try to break down mitosis first, but then after we're done breaking down mitosis, then we'll switch over to discuss meiosis. Now just to give you a little bit of background information about mitosis and meiosis, mitosis again is a eukaryotic cell division that is going to produce what are known as somatic cells. And somatic cells are really just body cells that do not get passed down to the next generation. And so somatic cells or body cells would include cells like our heart cells, our liver cells, and our skin cells. Now human somatic cells are what are known as diploid cells. And we'll talk more about diploid later in our course, but really what diploid means is that there are going to be 2 copies of every chromosome inside of these cells. And so diploid is going to be symbolized using a symbol called 2n. And so anytime you see n=2, you know that it represents a diploid cell. And again, you can think, the n here represents the number of copies of chromosomes, and of course, diploid cells have 2 copies of every chromosome. Now meiosis, on the other hand, the third type of cell division is also a eukaryotic cell division. But instead of producing somatic cells like mitosis does, meiosis produces what are known as gametes. And gametes are really just the fancy scientific name for sex cells such as the sperm in males and the eggs in females. Now human gametes, on the other hand, unlike human somatic cells, they are not diploid and so they don't have 2 copies of every chromosome. Instead, human gametes are what are known as haploid cells. And haploid kinda sounds like half, so they have half the number of chromosomes. So instead of having 2 copies of every chromosome, they're only going to have one copy of every chromosome. And again, if this, diploid and haploid concept was a little bit difficult for you to understand, we're going to talk more about it later in our course. So this is more so of a foreshadowing for you guys to get to understand these terms a little bit early. And so let's take a look at our image down below over here on the right-hand side to better distinguish mitosis and meiosis. And so what's important to note again is that this image is showing the human life cycle. So what you'll notice here at the top are 2 adults. Notice that there's a male, and there is a female. And the males produce what are known, produce gametes, that are called sperm cells. And so, this process is going to be meiosis. Meiosis is the process that is going to produce the sex cells, the gametes, such as the sperm and the egg. And the egg over here is, the sex cell, or the gamete of the female. Now notice that these gametes here are haploid. They have the n symbol here which represents haploid. So that means that they have half the number of chromosomes. They only have one copy of every chromosome, And that's because, during sexual reproduction, the sperm and the egg gametes are going to merge together in a process that's called fertilization. So you can see the sperm here merging with the egg. And they each have half the number of chromosomes. They each have one copy of every chromosome. So when they merge together, the resulting cell which is called a zygote ends up having 2 copies of every chromosome, so it becomes a diploid cell. And so the zygote here is a diploid cell, the very first cell of a human. And so this zygote ends up growing and growing and growing into many trillions and trillions of cells through the process called mitosis. And mitosis is what
Table of contents
- 1. Introduction to Biology2h 40m
- 2. Chemistry3h 40m
- 3. Water1h 26m
- 4. Biomolecules2h 23m
- 5. Cell Components2h 26m
- 6. The Membrane2h 31m
- 7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
- 8. Respiration2h 40m
- 9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
- 10. Cell Signaling59m
- 11. Cell Division2h 47m
- 12. Meiosis2h 0m
- 13. Mendelian Genetics4h 41m
- Introduction to Mendel's Experiments7m
- Genotype vs. Phenotype17m
- Punnett Squares13m
- Mendel's Experiments26m
- Mendel's Laws18m
- Monohybrid Crosses16m
- Test Crosses14m
- Dihybrid Crosses20m
- Punnett Square Probability26m
- Incomplete Dominance vs. Codominance20m
- Epistasis7m
- Non-Mendelian Genetics12m
- Pedigrees6m
- Autosomal Inheritance21m
- Sex-Linked Inheritance43m
- X-Inactivation9m
- 14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
- 15. Gene Expression3h 20m
- 16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
- Introduction to Regulation of Gene Expression13m
- Prokaryotic Gene Regulation via Operons27m
- The Lac Operon21m
- Glucose's Impact on Lac Operon25m
- The Trp Operon20m
- Review of the Lac Operon & Trp Operon11m
- Introduction to Eukaryotic Gene Regulation9m
- Eukaryotic Chromatin Modifications16m
- Eukaryotic Transcriptional Control22m
- Eukaryotic Post-Transcriptional Regulation28m
- Eukaryotic Post-Translational Regulation13m
- 17. Viruses37m
- 18. Biotechnology2h 58m
- 19. Genomics17m
- 20. Development1h 5m
- 21. Evolution3h 1m
- 22. Evolution of Populations3h 52m
- 23. Speciation1h 37m
- 24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
- 25. Phylogeny2h 31m
- 26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
- 27. Protists1h 12m
- 28. Plants1h 22m
- 29. Fungi36m
- 30. Overview of Animals34m
- 31. Invertebrates1h 2m
- 32. Vertebrates50m
- 33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
- 34. Vascular Plant Transport2m
- 35. Soil37m
- 36. Plant Reproduction47m
- 37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
- 38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
- 39. Digestive System10m
- 40. Circulatory System1h 57m
- 41. Immune System1h 12m
- 42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- 43. Endocrine System4m
- 44. Animal Reproduction2m
- 45. Nervous System55m
- 46. Sensory Systems46m
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- 48. Ecology3h 11m
- Introduction to Ecology20m
- Biogeography14m
- Earth's Climate Patterns50m
- Introduction to Terrestrial Biomes10m
- Terrestrial Biomes: Near Equator13m
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- Terrestrial Biomes: Northern Regions15m
- Introduction to Aquatic Biomes27m
- Freshwater Aquatic Biomes14m
- Marine Aquatic Biomes13m
- 49. Animal Behavior28m
- 50. Population Ecology3h 41m
- Introduction to Population Ecology28m
- Population Sampling Methods23m
- Life History12m
- Population Demography17m
- Factors Limiting Population Growth14m
- Introduction to Population Growth Models22m
- Linear Population Growth6m
- Exponential Population Growth29m
- Logistic Population Growth32m
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- The Human Population22m
- 51. Community Ecology2h 46m
- Introduction to Community Ecology2m
- Introduction to Community Interactions9m
- Community Interactions: Competition (-/-)38m
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11. Cell Division
Introduction to Cell Division
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