SCIENTIFIC THINKING Consider the relationship between ­correlation and causation with respect to some pairs of human traits. For example, are freckles and red hair correlated? Is there causation? How does this concept relate to the study of human nutrition? Can you name examples of correlation in humans with respect to obesity? Explain each answer.

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1. Identify the meaning of correlation and causation: Correlation refers to a statistical relationship between two variables, where changes in one variable are associated with changes in another. Causation, on the other hand, implies that one variable directly affects the other.
2. Examine the relationship between freckles and red hair: Determine if there is a statistical correlation between these two traits by looking at data that shows the frequency of red hair in individuals with freckles versus those without.
3. Analyze if there is causation between freckles and red hair: Consider genetic studies or biological evidence that might suggest that the presence of one trait causes the other, such as the role of the MC1R gene in determining both traits.
4. Relate correlation and causation to human nutrition: Discuss how certain dietary patterns may correlate with health outcomes (e.g., high sugar intake and obesity), and explore if there is any causal relationship supported by nutritional studies or clinical trials.
5. Provide examples of correlation in humans with respect to obesity: Discuss correlations such as the relationship between sedentary lifestyle and obesity, or between high caloric intake and obesity, and consider whether these correlations imply causation based on additional evidence or studies.