Which of the following occurs when a covalent bond forms? a. Electrons in valence shells are transferred from one atom to another. b. Electrons in valence shells are shared between atoms. c. Partial charges on polar molecules interact. d. Nonpolar molecules are pushed together.by surrounding water molecules.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Identify the definition of a covalent bond: A covalent bond is a type of chemical bond where pairs of electrons are shared between atoms.
2. Analyze each option in relation to the definition of a covalent bond.
3. Option a suggests electron transfer, which is characteristic of ionic bonds, not covalent bonds.
4. Option b mentions sharing of electrons between atoms, aligning with the definition of covalent bonds.
5. Options c and d describe interactions involving polar and nonpolar molecules, which are not directly related to the formation of covalent bonds.

Key Concepts

Covalent Bonding

Covalent bonding occurs when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons in their outermost shells, known as valence shells. This type of bond typically forms between nonmetals and allows each atom to attain a more stable electron configuration, often resembling that of noble gases. The shared electrons enable the atoms to achieve greater stability and lower energy.

Valence Electrons

Valence electrons are the electrons located in the outermost shell of an atom and are crucial for chemical bonding. The number of valence electrons determines how an atom interacts with others, influencing its ability to form bonds. Atoms tend to bond in ways that allow them to fill their valence shells, achieving stability through sharing or transferring electrons.

Polar and Nonpolar Molecules

Polar molecules have an uneven distribution of electron density, resulting in partial positive and negative charges, while nonpolar molecules have an even distribution of electrons. This distinction affects how molecules interact with each other, particularly in solutions. Polar molecules tend to interact with other polar substances, while nonpolar molecules do not mix well with polar solvents, such as water.