Lysozyme, an enzyme found in human saliva, tears, and other secretions, catalyzes the hydrolysis of the ββ-1,4-glycosidic linkages in peptidoglycan. Predict the effect of this enzyme on bacteria and how it may be involved in human health.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the structure and function of peptidoglycan: Peptidoglycan is a polymer that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria, providing structural support and protection. It is composed of sugar derivatives and amino acids, linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
2. Learn about the action of lysozyme: Lysozyme targets these β-1,4-glycosidic linkages in peptidoglycan. By hydrolyzing these bonds, lysozyme breaks down the structural integrity of the bacterial cell wall.
3. Predict the effect on bacteria: The hydrolysis of peptidoglycan by lysozyme leads to the weakening or complete breakdown of the bacterial cell wall. This can result in the cell becoming osmotically unstable, which often leads to cell lysis and death of the bacterium.
4. Connect to human health: In humans, lysozyme acts as an important part of the innate immune system. It is found in various secretions such as saliva and tears, where it serves as a first line of defense by killing bacteria that enter the body through the mouth or land in the eyes.
5. Consider broader implications: Beyond direct bacterial lysis, the activity of lysozyme in breaking down bacteria can also expose bacterial antigens that can be recognized by the immune system, potentially enhancing the adaptive immune response.