So now that we briefly introduced bacteriophages, in this video we can focus more on the details of the Hershey Chase experiment. And so really the biggest takeaway that you should get from this Hershey Chase experiment is that the scientists Hershey and Chase were able to show that only viral DNA and not viral protein actually enters the bacteria during a bacteriophage infection. The fact that only viral DNA and not viral protein enters bacteria during a bacteriophage infection was evidence to confirm that DNA, not protein, is actually the genetic material. And so it was the Hershey Chase experiment that pretty much ended the controversy of what was the genetic material, DNA or protein. And again, the Hershey Chase experiment validated and confirmed that it was DNA that is the genetic material, not protein.

And so if we take a look at our image down below, it's showing you some of the details of the Hershey Chase experiment. And so really what they did was they took these bacteriophages. Okay. And they took multiple bacteriophages and separated them into 2 groups. They have the group over here on the left-hand side and the other group of bacteriophages over here on the right-hand side. Now on the left-hand side, they took the bacteriophages and they used radioactive sulfur labels to label the viral protein coat that's on the external of the bacteriophage. And so what you can see is that the radioactive protein shell is labeled and highlighted with this yellow border. And then over here on the right-hand side, what they did was they took bacteriophages and they used radioactive phosphorus labels instead of radioactive sulfur labels. And the radioactive phosphorus labels would label the viral DNA. And so notice that it's only the viral DNA that's highlighted here in yellow that's at the core of the bacteriophage.

And so using these radioactive labels, they were able to track and trace these viral particles during a bacteriophage infection. And so what they noticed was that during the bacteriophage infection, the radioactively labeled protein shell, the radioactively labeled viral protein coat, would always remain on the outside of the cell. And so they would never find traces of the radioactively labeled protein on the inside of the cell. And, of course, when they radioactively labeled the DNA, what they saw was that the radioactively labeled DNA was found on the inside was evidence to suggest and confirm that it was the viral DNA that acted and served as the genetic material. And so once again, the biggest takeaway here from the Hershey Chase experiment was that it ended the controversy of what was the genetic material, DNA or protein. And it confirmed that DNA is the genetic material.

And so this here concludes our lesson here on the Hershey Chase experiment, and we'll be able to get some practice applying these concepts as we move forward in our course. So I'll see you all in our next video.