Biological Membranes - Video Tutorials & Practice Problems
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concept
Biological Membranes
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6m
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Video transcript
In this video, we're going to begin our introduction to biological membranes. Now, it's important to recall from way back in our previous lesson videos, we said that in aqueous solutions, antipathic lipids can spontaneously aggregate or clump together via the hydrophobic effect. And so if you don't remember anything about the hydrophobic effect and the ability for anti pathic lipids to spontaneously aggregate via the hydrophobic effect, then make sure to go back and check out those older lesson videos before you continue here. Now, the ability for anti pathic lipids to spontaneously aggregate via the hydrophobic effect will actually lead to the formation of 3 different types of membranes. The first are the micelles, the second are the liposomes or the vesicles, Here in the middle, we're showing you the liposome or the vesicle. Here in the middle, we're showing you the liposome or the vesicle. And then over here on the far right, we're showing you the lipid bilayer. And so starting over here on the far left with the micelle, what you'll notice is that it is a monolayer of lipids, and this is what allows it to have a hydrophobic core at its center. And so if you were to zoom in on one of these lipid molecules in the micelle, you would see that it's likely going to be a free fatty acid. And that's because free fatty acids have this triangular shaped geometry, if you will, that makes them so suitable for the formation of micelles upon their aggregation via the hydrophobic effect. Now liposomes or vesicles, as you can see over here, they actually have a bilayer of lipids. So you can see that there's a layer of lipids here on the outside, but also here on the inside, there's a second layer. And so this is what allows liposomes or vesicles to have an aqueous core at its center instead of having a hydrophobic core at its center like my cells do. Now, liposomes or vesicles, they're generally very small and only contain a handful of dissolved molecules in the aqueous core. And if we were to zoom in on one of these lipid molecules in the liposome, you would see that it's likely going to be a free phospholipid like this one, which upon aggregation with other ones allow them to form a vesicle or bilayer because of their proper square shaped geometry that's suitable for the formation of vesicles and bilayers. And then last but not least, over here on the far right, we have the lipid bilayer, which you'll notice also has a bilayer of lipids here. And, the real difference between the lipid bilayer and the liposome or the vesicle is again that the liposome or vesicle are generally much smaller with only a handful of molecules in the aqueous core, whereas lipid bilayers are going to be much, much, much larger and they can encapsulate an entire cell and create, entire organelles. Now, notice that this lipid bilayer here has 2 different sheets or leaflets. There's this sheet or this leaflet right here, that we can call the extra cellular leaflet or sheet and that's because it's on the outside of the cell and notice that this other leaflet over here, we can call the intracellular leaflet or sheet. Again, because it's on the inside here of our cell. And so, it's important to be able to distinguish between these two different leaflets. Now, one thing that I want to let you guys know here is that both Glycero and sphingophospholipids have optimal shapes or geometries that allow them to form lipid bilayers and liposomes or vesicles. And so, as we already mentioned, the micelle here is generally formed from free fatty acids which have this triangular shaped geometry. And free phospholipids, they have a square shaped geometry. And so down below here, what we're showing you is that the free fatty acids with their triangular shaped geometry, they are not suitable for forming vesicles or bilayers because they are not able to close these gaps that form, here and here and that makes them unstable as a vesicle or a lipid bilayer. And the same goes for free triacylglycerols. They tend to have a trapezoid shaped geometry like what you see here and again, that geometry or shape will create these gaps that make it make them very unstable as they try to form vesicles or bilayers. And so really, the only, lipids that are capable of forming these, liposomes or lipid bilayers are the free phospholipids, either the glycerol Phospholipids or the Sphingophospholipids. And so this here really concludes our introduction to biological membranes and as we move forward through our course, we're going to learn more and more about these biological membranes. So, I'll see you guys in our next video.
2
concept
Biological Membranes
Video duration:
3m
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Video transcript
So in our last lesson video we introduced 3 different membrane structures, which were the micelles, the liposomes or the vesicles, and the lipid bilayers, and so in this video we're going to introduce the biological membranes. So biological membranes are lipid bilayers themselves. However, they're more than just a lipid bilayer. Biological membranes are lipid bilayers with other membrane embedded molecules as well, such as proteins for instance. And so recall from your previous biology courses that the fluid mosaic model applies to biological membranes. And so recall that the fluid mosaic model is basically saying that biological membranes are both fluid and a mosaic of membrane embedded proteins. And so if we take a look at our image down below, notice over here on the far left, we're showing you a scanning electron micrograph or an SEM of a biological membrane right here. And notice that we're zooming into this specific region of the biological membrane, and we're getting this image right here. And so notice that most of the membrane molecules are indeed these phospholipids, but also embedded within the biological membrane. Notice that there's a good portion of these purple structures which are proteins. And so recall that, the fluid mosaic model applies to membranes like this one where the phospholipids themselves that we see here and the proteins and really all of the membrane embedded molecules are really fluid because they're capable of shifting around and moving to different areas within the membrane. And the membrane is also a mosaic because all of these different membrane components, specifically these proteins, can really make the biological membrane look like a mosaic. Now to put things in perspective a little bit, biological membranes can actually be comprised of anywhere between 20 to 80% proteins by mass, and that is quite a lot of proteins. And so, again, we already knew that biological membranes were going to be composed of mostly lipid structures because they are lipid bilayers. But maybe he didn't really realize how much protein could actually be embedded within the bilayer. And so this here goes to show that when we're talking about biological membranes, we cannot forget about the protein aspect of it because there can be quite a lot of proteins embedded within a biological membrane. Now another important thing to note is that membrane lipid composition can actually vary quite a lot from cell to cell, from sheet to sheet, and between different organelles. And so clearly, different cells can have different phospholipid, composition and different proteins embedded. And, the sheet the sheet can also differ too. So this extracellular sheet could have a different membrane composition than the intracellular sheet, And then also the membrane composition can also vary between different organelles, and so the mitochondria can have a different membrane composition than the nuclear membrane or than the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. And so this is just a general idea that's important to keep in mind. And so this here concludes our review and introduction to biological membranes and we'll be able to apply the concepts that we've learned and reviewed, as we move forward in our practice problem. So I'll see you guys there.
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Problem
Problem
Membranes are a fluid mosaic of what components?
a) Proteins, cholesterol, and triacyglycerols.
b) Phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol.
c) Phospholipids, nucleic acids, and cholesterol.
d) Eicosanoids, proteins, and phospholipids.
A
Proteins, cholesterol, and triacyglycerols.
B
Phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol.
C
Phospholipids, nucleic acids, and cholesterol.
D
Eicosanoids, proteins, and phospholipids.
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Problem
Problem
Which of the following lipids would likely not be involved in a lipid bilayer structure?
a) Phospholipid.
b) Cholesterol.
c) Glycolipid.
d) Sphingolipid.
e) Triacylglyceride.
f) Glycerophospholipid.
A
Phospholipid.
B
Cholesterol.
C
Glycolipid.
D
Sphingolipid.
E
Triacylglyceride.
F
Glycerophospholipid.
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Problem
Problem
Membrane components within a lipid bilayer are held together primarily by: