Introduction to Cell Division - Video Tutorials & Practice Problems
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Introduction to Cell Division
Video duration:
9m
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Video transcript
In this video, we're going to begin our introduction to cell division. Now cell division can be defined as the process of a single parent cell dividing or splitting into greater than or equal to 2 or more daughter cells. And so this term daughter cells, you'll hear your professor use it occasionally from time to time and you'll see it throughout your textbooks as well. And so this term daughter cells is really just referring to the cells that result from cell division or cell splitting. Now moving forward in our course, we're going to talk about 3 main types of cell division and we have these 3 main types numbered 1, 2, and 3 down below. And of course the numbers in our text correspond with the numbers that you see down below throughout our image. And so the first main type of cell division that that we're going to introduce is called binary fission. And really the most important thing that you should know about binary fission is that this is a type of prokaryotic cell division. And so only prokaryotic cells like bacteria or archaea are going to divide by binary fission. But eukaryotic cells that do have a nucleus, they do not divide by binary fission. And so let's take a look at our image down below over here on the left hand side to clear some of this up. And so notice that we're showing you an image of binary fission. And once again, binary fission is a type of cell division that only occurs in prokaryotic cells like bacteria or archaea that do not have a nucleus. And so notice here we're showing you a single parent prokaryotic cell that does not have a nucleus, and notice that its DNA is just floating on the inside of the cell in the the cytoplasm in a region called the nucleoid, which, that is review from our older lesson videos. But, the big point here of binary fission is that it starts with a prokaryotic cell, and notice that by the end of the process, there are 2 cells, 2 prokaryotic cells, and so these two cells are termed the daughter cells since these are the cells that result from the cell division. And notice that each daughter cell down below has a copy of the DNA, which is in green, and that means that this original copy of the DNA is going to have to get replicated or duplicated at some point in this process, but we'll talk more about DNA replication, later in our course. And again, the biggest takeaway for binary fission is that this is how prokaryotic cells divide. Now the other 2 types of cell division that we're going to introduce, 23 are types of eukaryotic cell division. And so we're gonna look at them specifically as they apply to the human life cycle. And so the second type of cell division that we're gonna talk about is mytosis, whereas the third type of cell division that we're going to talk about is myosis. Now, I'll admit at first glance, mitosis and meiosis, they sound really, really similar, and in fact it turns out not only do they sound similar, but they also have a lot of similarities. But mitosis and meiosis are different processes. And so moving forward in our course, it's going to be very important for you guys to be able to distinguish between mitosis and meiosis. Now, moving forward in our course, we're mainly going to try to, break down mitosis first, but then after we're done breaking down mitosis, then we'll switch over to discuss meiosis. Now, just to give you a little bit of background information about mitosis and meiosis, mitosis again is a eukaryotic cell division that is going to produce what are known as somatic cells. And somatic cells are really just body cells that do not get passed down to the next generation. And so somatic cells or body cells would include cells like our heart cells, our liver cells, and our skin cells. Now human somatic cells are what are known as diploid cells. And, we'll talk more about diploid, later in our course, but really what diploid means is that there are going to be 2 copies of every chromosome inside these cells. And so diploid is going to be symbolized using a symbol called 2 n. And so anytime you see 2 n, you know that it represents a deployed cell. And again, you can think the n here represents the number of copies of chromosomes, and of course diploid cells have 2 copies of every chromosome. Now, meiosis on the other hand, the third type of cell division, is also a eukaryotic cell division. But instead of producing somatic cells like mitosis does, meiosis produces what are known as gametes. And gametes are really just the fancy scientific name for sex cells such as the sperm in male and the eggs in females. Now human gametes on the other hand, unlike human somatic cells, they are not diploid and so they don't have 2 copies of every chromosome. Instead, human gametes are what are known as haploid cells, and haploid kinda sounds like half. So they have half the number of chromosomes. So instead of having 2 copies of every chromosome, they're only going to have one copy of every chromosome. And again, if this, diploid and haploid concept was a little bit difficult for you to understand we're gonna talk more about it later in our course. So this is more so of a foreshadowing for you guys to get to understand these terms a little bit early. And so let's take a look at our image down below over here on the right hand side to better distinguish mitosis and meiosis. And so what's important to note again is that this image is showing the human life cycle. So what you'll notice here at the top are 2 adults. Notice that there's a male and there is a female, and the males produce what are known, produce gametes, that are called sperm cells. And so, this process is going to be meiosis. Meiosis is the process that is going to produce the sex cells, the gametes, such as the sperm and the egg. And the egg over here is, the sex cell or the gamete of the female. Now notice that these gametes here are haploid. They have the n symbol here which represents haploid. So that means that they have half the number of chromosomes. They only have one copy of every chromosome, And that's because during sexual reproduction the sperm and the egg gametes are going to merge together in a process that's called fertilization. So you can see the sperm here merging with the egg. And they each have half the number of chromosomes. They each have one copy of every chromosome. So when they merge together, the resulting cell, which is called a zygote, ends up having 2 copies of every chromosome so it becomes a diploid cell. And so the zygote here is a diploid cell, the very first cell of a human. And so this zygote ends up growing and growing and growing into many 1,000,000,000,000 and trillions of cells through the process called mitosis. And mitosis is what takes a diploid cell and creates more diploid cells, and it allows the single celled zygote to grow into a baby and it also mitosis will also allow the baby to grow up into a toddler, and to grow up into a kid, into a teenager, and eventually grow up into a full adult, either the male or the female. And notice that, humans, adults are all diploid. So you can see the zygote is deployed, the baby has diploid cells, and the adults also have diploid cells, which are 2n. And the only ones that are haploid are going to be the gametes, the sex cells, which are only, will only have one copy of every chromosome. Now again, this here is just the introduction to mitosis, which basically represents this entire green region here, and then meiosis, which represents this small section here of the life cycle. And again, moving forward in our course, we're mainly going to, introduce mitosis first, and then later in our course, we'll we'll talk more about meiosis. So this here concludes our introduction to cell division. And again, as we move forward in our course, we're going to get to learn a lot more about each of these cell divisions. So I'll see you all in our next video.
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Problem
Problem
Which of the following statements about cell division is correct?
A
It is the process by which one parent cell divide into 2 daughter cells.
B
It is an unnecessary process once an organism reaches maturity.
C
It is the process by which two sex cells fuse.
D
It occurs in 2 stages of mitosis then meiosis in all types of cells.
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Problem
Problem
Which one of the following best defines binary fission?
A
The process by which one cell splits into two cells.
B
The process by which one cell splits into four cells.
C
The process by which two cells combine to create a new cell.
D
The process by which gametes are created.
4
concept
Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
Video duration:
4m
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Video transcript
In this video, we're going to distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction. And so all living organisms must reproduce or generate more living offspring via 1 of 2 types of reproduction that we have numbered down below, number 1 and number 2. And of course the numbers that you see up above here in the text correspond with the numbers that you see down below in the image. Now the first main type of reproduction is asexual reproduction. Now, asexual reproduction is, of course, going to mean that there's no sexual activity involved in the reproduction. And if you think about it if there's no sexual activity involved that means that there's only one single parent involved in asexual reproduction. And if there's only one single parent involved in asexual reproduction that means that there's only one single source of the DNA from that one single parent. And if there's only one single source of the DNA, then that means that the offspring are all going to be genetically identical to one another because they're all going to be resulting from this single parent, with only one source of DNA. Now on the other hand, the second type of sec of reproduction is sexual reproduction. And of course sexual reproduction as its name implies means that sexual activity is involved. And when you think about it of course sexual activity means that there are going to be 2 parents involved in this type of reproduction instead of just one parent. And if there are 2 parents involved, that means that there are 2 sources of the DNA. One source of the DNA would be the father. The other source of the DNA would be the mother. And typically with sexual reproduction, the father and the mother do not have identical DNA. Their DNA is going to be different from one another. And so we have 2 different sources of DNA and that's going to result in offspring that are genetically diverse from one another. And so they will not be genetically identical under most circumstances when it comes to sexual reproduction. Now let's take a look at our image down below to further distinguish between asexual and, sexual reproduction. Now over here on the left hand side, these two images for binary fission and they do not involve any sexual activity, and again that means they do not involve any sexual activity. And again, that means that there's only one parent involved, and so notice that for both binary fission and mitosis that the very beginning starts with just one single parent cell and at the end of the process it results in 2 daughter cells for both. But because there's only one single parent cell involved in both binary fission and mitosis, they're both forms of asexual reproduction. And because there's only one single parent cell, there's only one source of DNA and the cells that result are going to be genetically identical to each other for both, again, binary fission and, for the process of mitosis, 2 daughter cells that are resulting are going to be genetically identical. Now this is not the case, with this right side of the image over here which is showing you sexual reproduction. And so sexual reproduction of course is going to involve 2 parents instead of 1. So you can see the male parent over here and the female parent over here, And it's the process of meiosis, not to be confused with mitosis, that forms the gametes or the sex cells. And because meiosis forms the sex cells, meiosis is more closely linked to sexual reproduction since, again, it forms the sex cells, the sperm and the egg. And, of course, the sperm and the egg are going to fuse together to form the zygote, which ends up resulting in the individual, the the, the offspring, if you will. And so what's important to note about sexual reproduction is that it's going to create genetically diverse offspring. And we'll get to talk more and more about these ideas as we move forward in our course. But for now, this here concludes our introduction to the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction, and we'll be able to get some practice as we move forward. So I'll see you all in our next video.
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Problem
Problem
Asexual reproduction differs from sexual reproduction in that:
A
Asexual reproduction produces genetically diverse offspring.
B
Asexual reproduction occurs only in bacteria.
C
Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are virtually identical.
D
Asexual reproduction does not occur in animals.
6
concept
Importance of Cell Division
Video duration:
3m
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Video transcript
So now that we've introduced the 3 main types of cell division, binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis, In this video, we're going to talk about the importance of cell division. And so cell division is an important process for reproduction, making more life, fetal development or growth, allowing a single celled zygote to grow into a baby and allowing the baby to grow into a fully mature adult is through the process of cell division. And also, cell division is an important process for tissue repair. If you get a cut or something like that, that tissue is going to die when you get that cut. And so that dead tissue needs to be replaced and that replacement those replacement cells come from the process of cell division. And so down below here on the left hand side, we're showing you an image of asexual reproduction, basically showing you how a single cell can divide to create 2 cells. And so you can see the cell here is in the process of dividing. And so some cells rely on cell division for reproduction purposes since many organisms are single celled and the only way that they can create more life is through cell division. Now, also fetus development is going to be a critical, it's going to be a component that is or cell division is going to be a critical component for fetus development, allowing a, a single celled zygote to grow into a fetus and allowing the fetus to grow and develop into a, a baby and the baby to grow into a toddler and so on until the, full adult is formed, this is, very important. And cell division plays a big role in the the process of fetus development. And so here in this image, it's showing you a, a single celled, zygote here and how it can divide to form 2 cells and then each of those can divide to form 4 cells and so on until there are trillions of cells allowing for the fetus to develop. And then once again, cell division is very important for tissue repair and renewal. And so this is showing you an image of, some cells that are dividing, to help repair a specific, tissue. And so, cell division is very, very, very important is the main idea here. And again, these are the, the main components that cell division is important for. But, again, when a single cell divides to create 2 cells, each of those cells needs to have a copy of the DNA. And so that means that before a cell can divide, before any cell can divide, it must first replicate or duplicate or make an extra copy of the DNA So that once again, each of the daughter cells that results can get their own copy of the DNA. And so, the organization of the DNA is going to be a very important component to being able to understand cell division and how it works. So moving forward in our course, we're gonna start to talk about the organization of DNA inside of the cell. So I'll see you all in our next video.
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