To finish up talking about the small intestine, we want to sort of take one more look at the whole thing in this overview of small intestinal function. And so to do that, we have this illustration of the small intestines, this sort of cartoon illustration showing the small intestine as a disassembly line. So we're kind of thinking of it as a factory here, but instead of putting things together, we're taking these food molecules apart. Alright. So let's go through this section by section. We'll start with the duodenum. Remember the duodenum mixes. So in our illustration, we have the stomach and the chime leaving the stomach and entering into the duodenum there. But to get into the duodenum, it's going through this gate. And so that gate is going to represent the pyloric sphincter. So we're going to say here that the chyme enters through the pyloric sphincter. Now it's in the duodenum, this mixing zone. Well, what's getting mixed together? Well, we have the gallbladder here and the liver, and they're shooting in through that major duodenal papilla. They're shooting in the bile. So we're going to say the bile is added to emulsify fats. Remember, emulsify means to break up. So it mix in with the chyme better so that those digestive enzymes can actually break down the fat molecules. But we also see the pancreas here, and the pancreas is releasing juices that also enter through that major duodenal papilla and are going to get mixed in. So we're going to say that pancreatic juice is added or adds a majority of the digestion enzymes. So that's where a lot of those enzymes come in to actually break down those molecules. Now finally, not in our image, but in the text here we see duodenal glands. Duodenal glands are going to secrete an alkaline or basic mucus. So remember, this chyme coming from the stomach is going to have a really low pH coming from the stomach. And so until that pH is neutralized, we need to protect the duodenum, and so we have this alkaline or basic mucus to do that. Well, this chyme moves along on this conveyor belt and really move via peristalsis, but it moves down now. It's in that second region, the jejunum. And in the jejunum we say here, digests and absorbs. So we can see here this sign digestion in progress, and I see all these brushes along the edge here. Those are supposed to represent that brush border or the microvilli that are sort of those cellular extensions part of the cell membrane of all those cells lining the small intestine. Remember, as part of that brush border, there's enzymes that complete digestion of these food molecules. So we're going to say here that the brush border enzymes complete digestion. They break those molecules down to their final components that can actually be absorbed, and here we see the nutrient absorbers. So our nutrient absorbers here are sort of drawn as a vacuum sucking up these nutrients through the brush border there. So we're going to say that most of the nutrients are going to be absorbed here in the jejunum through that brush border. But the conveyor belt or that peristalsis keeps on moving this chyme along, and then it reaches the third and longest section, the ileum. And in the ileum, well, we see this bile absorber there. That's absorbing the bile salts. So absorbs bile salts. So remember the bile gets added in the duodenum, but then those bile salts get picked up again so that they can be recycled. Now also the remaining nutrients are absorbed. But remember, the vast majority of nutrients have already been absorbed back in the jejunum. And then finally, while this conveyor belt, this peristalsis keeps moving this chyme along, and eventually, it'll exit the small intestine, but we can see this gate that it has to go through to leave. That gate is between the ileum and the cecum of the large intestine. So we're going to say here to get out of the small intestine, the chyme exits through the ileocecal valve, and now it's in the large intestine. We have an example and practice after this. I'll see you there.
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23. The Digestive System
Small Intestine
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