Unsaturated fatty acids sometimes require a little helping hand with beta oxidation, and that is because they sometimes need to move that ene around, right? So, remember trans conformations are okay, but cis have to be rearranged. Furthermore, we're going to want that double bond like we saw before. We're going to want it between the 2 and 3 carbon on the molecule. Now, with what we're about to talk about, I just want to say that don't obsess over the details. Just try to come away with an understanding of the generalities. So, you know, let's take a look at this figure here. Basically, we're doing beta oxidation, chipping away at this until boom. We get right up close and personal with those double bonds. Now, both of those double bonds are in the cis form. So both of them are unacceptable. Additionally, we want this double bond to be between the 2 and 3 carbon. Right now, it's between 3 and 4. So, we're going to use an isomerase to actually move that over into the right position and then from there, we can just do normal beta oxidation, right? Chop it off. Here is the catch. The catch is if you do this, you're not going to generate an FADH2 from that round of beta oxidation, right? Because the first step of beta oxidation is introducing that double bond and reducing FAD, right? Well, you didn't introduce that double bond. You just moved it over. So you're not going to make an FAD if you do that. Alright. Just something to be aware of and keep track of if you're thinking about the beta oxidation of various molecules. Alright. So, moving on. If you have multiple points of unsaturation in a particular arrangement, it might actually prevent an isomerase from being able to take care of the issue, right? So right here, that can't be dealt with by an isomerase alone. So what's going to have to happen is we're going to have to use NADPH to reduce our ene and then we can deal with it. So we're going to have NADPH come in and NADPH is just like NADH. It's an electron carrier. It's going to drop off its electrons to reduce that bond and we're going to be left with NADP+. And then, we'll go through, or depending on the confirmation here, we can actually just move this bond over, right, and do beta oxidation. In some situations, you might not have an arrangement like that and you might reduce with NADPH and then actually have to create the double bond and generate an FADH2. So odd-numbered fats, odd-numbered fatty acids will end up with, well, if we have an even number of fatty acids, right, in our last round of beta oxidation, we're gonna have a 4 carbon molecule that's gonna get chopped into 2 acetyl CoAs, right? Both of those 2 carbon molecules. If we have an odd number of fatty acids, that last step is going to have a 5 carbon molecule, and we're gonna chop it into an acetyl CoA, 2 carbons, and a propanoyl CoA, just 3 carbons. Now, acetyl CoA, that's fine. We can work with that. Right? But propanoyl CoA, we're going to have to modify that molecule before we can do anything with it. And what we're going to do is we're going to add CO2 to it. It's actually going to cost ATP. And we're going to convert it into succinyl CoA. Hey, I remember that molecule. That's used in step 5 of the tricarboxylic acid cycle or the citric acid cycle. I abbreviated citric acid cycle here as TCA. But that's just the citric acid cycle. There's actually 3 well, there, wait. Let's get messy. There's actually three names for the citric acid cycle. You have the citric acid cycle, the Krebs cycle, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Same thing. TCA is often the abbreviation for this cycle though. Anyhow, moving on. Last thing we're going to do is we're going to take a look at this molecule, acid, and we are going to put it through beta oxidation and see how much ATP we generate. This is going to be a good exercise for tracing the logic of the various metabolic pathways we've been talking about. So I'm going to hop out of the image here, free up some space, so you can see the molecule, and here we go. So palmitic acid, happen. Now if you're going to happen. Now if you remember before there's like a little simple rule you can think of to figure out how many acetyl CoA you're going to produce, right, and how many rounds of beta oxidation you're going to go through and that little trick is you do half the number of carbons in the molecule minus 1, right? So here we have 16 carbons divided by 2. That's 8 minus 1. So 7 rounds. And this is going to produce 7 acetyl CoAs. Alright. So from beta oxidation alone, we're going to generate 7 FADH2s which will lead to 10.5 ATPs. And we're going to generate 7 NADHs which will lead to 17.5 ATPs. Now, these 7 acetyl CoAs are going to go through the citric acid cycle, right? When I'm sorry. Whoops. This is 8 acetyl CoAs. Sorry. Seven rounds of beta oxidation, 8 Acetyl CoAs. My bad, guys. My bad. Sorry if you caught that. Anyways, one acetyl CoA going through the citric acid cycle yields 1 FADH2 and 3 NADH as well as one ATP or GTP. So 8 acetyl CoAs are going to make 8 FADH2s, right, which is 12 ATP. NADH, that's going to make 24 of those guys, right, which is going to lead to let's see, 60 ATP. And don't forget that we're also going to be producing 8 ATP or GTP. Same thing. We're going to count them, right, from the citric acid cycle. So total, we are going to make how much ATP? 108 ATP by putting palmitic acid through beta oxidation. That's a ton of ATP, right? Pretty crazy. If you're wondering, you know, just if you're wondering like, hey, wait, that's so much energy. Why do we use glucose and not just use fat all the time? The answer is actually if you divide by the molecular weight, there's more energy per weight in glucose than there is in fatty acids. Even though one fatty acid can generate, you know, a ton of ATP. Alright. That's all I have for this exam review. Let's move on to some exam practice questions.
Table of contents
- 1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 40m
- What is Anatomy & Physiology?20m
- Levels of Organization13m
- Variation in Anatomy & Physiology12m
- Introduction to Organ Systems27m
- Homeostasis9m
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- Simple Epithelial Tissues1h 2m
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- Classes of Connective Tissue8m
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- Introduction to the Peripheral Nervous System5m
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- 14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
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- Introduction to the Immune System10m
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- Fever8m
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- Review Map of Innate Immunity
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- Antigens12m
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- Review of Cytotoxic vs Helper T Cells13m
- Introduction to B Lymphocytes27m
- Antibodies14m
- Classes of Antibodies35m
- Outcomes of Antibody Binding to Antigen15m
- T Dependent & T Independent Antigens21m
- Clonal Selection20m
- Antibody Class Switching17m
- Affinity Maturation14m
- Primary and Secondary Response of Adaptive Immunity21m
- Immune Tolerance28m
- Regulatory T Cells10m
- Natural Killer Cells16m
- Review of Adaptive Immunity25m
- 22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
- 23. The Digestive System2h 5m
- 24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
- Essential Amino Acids5m
- Lipid Vitamins19m
- Cellular Respiration: Redox Reactions15m
- Introduction to Cellular Respiration22m
- Cellular Respiration: Types of Phosphorylation14m
- Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis19m
- Cellular Respiration: Pyruvate Oxidation8m
- Cellular Respiration: Krebs Cycle16m
- Cellular Respiration: Electron Transport Chain14m
- Cellular Respiration: Chemiosmosis7m
- Review of Aerobic Cellular Respiration18m
- Fermentation & Anaerobic Respiration23m
- Gluconeogenesis16m
- Fatty Acid Oxidation20m
- Amino Acid Oxidation17m
- 25. The Urinary System2h 39m
- 26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance Coming soon
- 27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
- 28. Human Development1h 21m
- 29. Heredity Coming soon
24. Metabolism and Nutrition
Fatty Acid Oxidation
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