Our example tells us that the body uses two systems for communication: the nervous system and the endocrine system. We want to fill in the table below contrasting the two systems. And as I look at this table, I see that in one column I have the nervous system, in the next column I have the endocrine system. The rows are what we want to contrast here. We have the speed, the mechanism, the length of stimuli, and the location of action. Alright. Now, we haven't made this comparison really explicitly yet, but you should know a lot about the nervous system already in this course, and you don't need to know much about the endocrine system to fill out a table like this. I'll just also note filling out a table like this is not that conceptually difficult a question, but it is a common question. So you probably want to practice it some and be familiar with these differences. So first up, speed. But when you think of a signal in the nervous system, how fast does it travel? Well, I think it travels fast. Right? We're talking about action potentials, signals going down these myelinated axons. We're talking about things taking usually, we're measuring it in, like, milliseconds. The endocrine system? Well, remember, the endocrine system, we're putting things into the blood, and we have to wait for the blood to travel around. The blood does not travel at the speed of milliseconds. Right? We're talking usually here at least minutes, so this speed is going to be slow, at least in comparison to the nervous system. the mechanism in the nervous system, we're gonna use action potentials and neurotransmitters. In the endocrine system, we said we're gonna use chemical messengers, and those chemical messengers are called hormones. And a hormone is just a molecule that's put into the blood that binds to a receptor somewhere else in the body, initiating a response, thereby sending a message. Alright. Next, we have the length of the stimuli. Well, when you think of a nervous system stimulus, how long do you think of it as lasting? Well, I think of it as lasting very shortly. And those stimuli, you know, they are seem almost instantaneous. Right? Really fast stimulus that get to the place where they're going, and that's that's all they are, and then they're done. Compare that to the endocrine system. Again, you put hormones in the blood. They're gonna stay in the blood at least for a little while, at least for several minutes, and usually for much longer than that. All right. Finally, we have location of action. When you think of the nervous system, when you think of a nervous signal, where does that signal go? Well, I usually think of it as starting at one very specific place, on one end of a neuron, and traveling to the other end of that neuron. So in that way, I think of this as going to very specific locations. Compare that to the endocrine system. In the endocrine system, you just you usually just sort of dump the hormones into the blood. Where does the blood go? It goes everywhere. So I'm going to write here diverse locations. Now, again, it's only going to affect those regions that have the right receptor, but the hormone goes everywhere. It goes all throughout the body. Alright. Again, I don't think this is the most conceptually difficult type of table to fill out, but it is a type of question that you will often see, so you should practice it. We got more practice problems to follow. Give them a whirl.
Table of contents
- 1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 40m
- What is Anatomy & Physiology?20m
- Levels of Organization13m
- Variation in Anatomy & Physiology12m
- Introduction to Organ Systems27m
- Homeostasis9m
- Feedback Loops11m
- Feedback Loops: Negative Feedback19m
- Feedback Loops: Positive Feedback11m
- Anatomical Position7m
- Introduction to Directional Terms3m
- Directional Terms: Up and Down9m
- Directional Terms: Front and Back6m
- Directional Terms: Body Sides12m
- Directional Terms: Limbs6m
- Directional Terms: Depth Within the Body4m
- Introduction to Anatomical Terms for Body Regions3m
- Anatomical Terms for the Head and Neck8m
- Anatomical Terms for the Front of the Trunk8m
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- Anatomical Terms for the Arm and Hand9m
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- Review- Using Anatomical Terms and Directions12m
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- Organization of the Body: Body Cavities13m
- Organization of the Body: Serous Membranes14m
- Organization of the Body: Serous Membrane Locations8m
- Organization of the Body: Thoracic Cavity8m
- Organization of the Body: Abdominopelvic Cavity12m
- 2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 37m
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- Chemiosmosis7m
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- Introduction to Cell Division22m
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- Phases of Mitosis48m
- Cytokinesis16m
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- Review of the Cell Cycle7m
- Cancer13m
- Introduction to DNA Replication22m
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- Central Dogma7m
- Introduction to Transcription20m
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- Genetic Code25m
- Introduction to Translation30m
- Steps of Translation23m
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- 4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
- Introduction to Tissues & Histology16m
- Introduction to Epithelial Tissue24m
- Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue37m
- Structural Naming of Epithelial Tissue19m
- Simple Epithelial Tissues1h 2m
- Stratified Epithelial Tissues55m
- Identifying Types of Epithelial Tissue32m
- Glandular Epithelial Tissue26m
- Introduction to Connective Tissue36m
- Classes of Connective Tissue8m
- Introduction to Connective Tissue Proper40m
- Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Connective Tissue56m
- Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Connective Tissue49m
- Specialized Connective Tissue: Cartilage44m
- Specialized Connective Tissue: Bone12m
- Specialized Connective Tissue: Blood9m
- Introduction to Muscle Tissue7m
- Types of Muscle Tissue45m
- Introduction to Nervous Tissue8m
- Nervous Tissue: The Neuron8m
- 5. Integumentary System2h 20m
- 6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
- An Introduction to Bone and Skeletal Tissue18m
- Gross Anatomy of Bone: Compact and Spongy Bone7m
- Gross Anatomy of Bone: Periosteum and Endosteum11m
- Gross Anatomy of Bone: Bone Marrow8m
- Gross Anatomy of Bone: Short, Flat, and Irregular Bones5m
- Gross Anatomy of Bones - Structure of a Long Bone23m
- Microscopic Anatomy of Bones - Bone Matrix9m
- Microscopic Anatomy of Bones - Bone Cells25m
- Microscopic Anatomy of Bones - The Osteon17m
- Microscopic Anatomy of Bones - Trabeculae9m
- 7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
- 8. Joints2h 17m
- 9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
- 10. Muscles1h 11m
- 11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
- 12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- 13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
- Introduction to the Peripheral Nervous System5m
- Organization of Sensory Pathways16m
- Introduction to Sensory Receptors5m
- Sensory Receptor Classification by Modality6m
- Sensory Receptor Classification by Location8m
- Proprioceptors7m
- Adaptation of Sensory Receptors8m
- Introduction to Reflex Arcs13m
- Reflex Arcs15m
- 14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
- 15. The Special Senses2h 41m
- 16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
- 17. The Blood1h 22m
- 18. The Heart1h 42m
- 19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
- 20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
- 21. The Immune System14h 37m
- Introduction to the Immune System10m
- Introduction to Innate Immunity17m
- Introduction to First-Line Defenses5m
- Physical Barriers in First-Line Defenses: Skin13m
- Physical Barriers in First-Line Defenses: Mucous Membrane9m
- First-Line Defenses: Chemical Barriers24m
- First-Line Defenses: Normal Microbiota7m
- Introduction to Cells of the Immune System15m
- Cells of the Immune System: Granulocytes28m
- Cells of the Immune System: Agranulocytes26m
- Introduction to Cell Communication5m
- Cell Communication: Surface Receptors & Adhesion Molecules16m
- Cell Communication: Cytokines27m
- Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)48m
- Introduction to the Complement System24m
- Activation Pathways of the Complement System23m
- Effects of the Complement System23m
- Review of the Complement System13m
- Phagocytosis17m
- Introduction to Inflammation18m
- Steps of the Inflammatory Response28m
- Fever8m
- Interferon Response25m
- Review Map of Innate Immunity
- Introduction to Adaptive Immunity32m
- Antigens12m
- Introduction to T Lymphocytes38m
- Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules20m
- Activation of T Lymphocytes21m
- Functions of T Lymphocytes25m
- Review of Cytotoxic vs Helper T Cells13m
- Introduction to B Lymphocytes27m
- Antibodies14m
- Classes of Antibodies35m
- Outcomes of Antibody Binding to Antigen15m
- T Dependent & T Independent Antigens21m
- Clonal Selection20m
- Antibody Class Switching17m
- Affinity Maturation14m
- Primary and Secondary Response of Adaptive Immunity21m
- Immune Tolerance28m
- Regulatory T Cells10m
- Natural Killer Cells16m
- Review of Adaptive Immunity25m
- 22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
- 23. The Digestive System2h 5m
- 24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
- Essential Amino Acids5m
- Lipid Vitamins19m
- Cellular Respiration: Redox Reactions15m
- Introduction to Cellular Respiration22m
- Cellular Respiration: Types of Phosphorylation14m
- Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis19m
- Cellular Respiration: Pyruvate Oxidation8m
- Cellular Respiration: Krebs Cycle16m
- Cellular Respiration: Electron Transport Chain14m
- Cellular Respiration: Chemiosmosis7m
- Review of Aerobic Cellular Respiration18m
- Fermentation & Anaerobic Respiration23m
- Gluconeogenesis16m
- Fatty Acid Oxidation20m
- Amino Acid Oxidation17m
- 25. The Urinary System2h 39m
- 26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance Coming soon
- 27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
- 28. Human Development1h 21m
- 29. Heredity Coming soon
16. The Endocrine System
Introduction to the Endocrine System
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