My example tells me that the image below shows a part of a signaling cascade that uses IP3 and DAG as secondary messengers. We need to label each component and circle the places on the image that are different from a signaling cascade that uses cyclic AMP as a secondary messenger. Alright. So as I look down here, we have a list labeled A through H. These are the things that I need to label on my image here. And in the image, well, we have this image of a membrane and all these molecules around it with a whole bunch of blanks that I'm going to need to fill in. And I see the membrane, and just quick for reference, the outside of the cell is going to be on this side of the membrane, and inside of the cell is going to be on the bottom down here on this side of the membrane. And when I look at it, it looks very similar to what we labeled for that cyclic AMP signaling cascade, but I already see some key differences here. Now as I go through this, we've learned the cyclic AMP signaling cascade pretty well and the way I want to do it is I want to know that one really well and then remember the differences for other stuff. And I also want to do that because I have a memory tool telling me the parts of that signaling cascade. So if I can start there, I can start labeling things and then I'll be able to see the parts that are different right away, and that's part of what we have to do here anyway. So remember our memory tool for that was holding really great activities at camp kinase. So holding really great activities at camp kinase. Alright, So now let's see what matches up here on this list. Well, that H was for the hormone, and we're always going to start with a hormone. And so in our image here, we see that hormone right there, and the hormone is letter e. So I'm going to cross that out and I'm going to write e next to the hormone. The hormone is going to bind to the receptor, and that's what the receptor that stands for. The receptor, in this case, a G protein-coupled receptor. As we look down, f is the receptor, so that's receptor and here's our receptor right here. So, I'm going to label this one f. Now the receptor, this G protein-coupled receptor, activates a G protein. And I see on my image, here's this molecule in green that we have as a G protein being activated by that G protein-coupled receptor. So I look here, that's B. So I'm going to cross this out and put B on the line next to my G protein. Now remember that G protein is going to diffuse across the membrane and it's going to bind to this pink molecule here, this is an enzyme. In our cyclic AMP signaling cascade, that was our adenylate cyclase. But there's no adenylate cyclase on this list because remember we said one of the key differences here this is where it starts to really change is that this is going to use a different enzyme. It's going to use the enzyme phospholipase C. So this pink molecule here, I'm pretty sure, is phospholipase C. So I'm going to cross that out and I'll put an A on the line there. And that enzyme is then going to catalyze a reaction and it's going to produce the secondary So we're producing the molecules IP3 and DAG. But that's what we produce. Remember, we make those molecules from splitting another molecule. Molecule. The molecule we split is going to be that PIP2, or PIP2 molecule labeled here C. So I'm going to cross that out, and that has to be right here. We see here this molecule that's up against the enzyme, and you can see 2 arrows coming out of it because it's getting split into those 2-second messengers. Now PIP2 here, it's actually a molecule that's embedded in the membrane, so it's sort of stuck up on the membrane. And that's why you see it drawn like that there. Now it gets split into our 2 second messagers: our IP3 and our DAG, and we see 2 things coming out of here. And on this list here, we have just one letter, DAG and IP3. So these two things here, those are our 2nd messengers. I'm going to label them both as G. We'll figure out which is which in just a second, so I can cross that out. And then remember the 2 things that they go off and do. Well, that IP3 or we'll start with the DAG. Remember, the DAG goes off and it activates a kinase. Specifically, it activates protein kinase C. So when I look here, this here looks more like, an enzyme that could something that could be an enzyme, a kinase, that molecule there. So I'm pretty sure that that's going to be my option D, my kinase. So I'm going to put D on the line there, and I'll cross out kinase. And then, our IP3, remember it goes off and it causes the release of calcium ions into the cell. And while they're not to scale, this sort of looks like what I might imagine how you draw calcium ions. And so here we have our calcium ions, and calcium ions here are H. So I'm going to cross out that and put an H here. Now that means while we labeled both of these G, this one must actually be the IP3 and this molecule up here is actually the DAG. Alright. So we've labeled our diagram. Now we want to go through and try and figure out how is this different from our cyclic AMP cascade. Which parts are the same and which parts are different? Now to be really technical, all the parts except for the hormone are going to be different. It's going to use a different G protein-coupled receptor. It's going to use a different G protein, etcetera, and so on. But some of these things we've just sort of labeled generally, and so we want to think about the things where we're specific enough to actually call them different things. We want to call those out, and then we want to sort of see which things generally work the same way. So we started out with a hormone. Again, it might be the exact same hormone, so that's the same. And then next, we bind to a GPCR. Now both signaling cascades use a GPCR. The GPCR activates a G protein. Both signaling cascades activate a G protein. The G protein diffuses across the membrane and it binds to an enzyme. Both use an enzyme, but here we've been specific in the name and we're using a different enzyme. In the cyclic AMP cascade, we use adenylate cyclase. Here, we are using phospholipase C. So I'm going to circle this enzyme here. We've called this something different. Alright, now this enzyme is going to produce a second messenger, but again we've been specific in the molecules here, so I think we can call these things out as different. Cyclic AMP, remember, converts ATP into cyclic AMP. But here we have the molecule right here. I'm going to circle the molecule PIP2 being converted into DAG, which is not found in our other cascade, and into IP3, which is in our other cascade. Now IP3 goes on to cause the release of calcium ions in the cell, and that's not something that we talked about as a direct result of that cyclic AMP signaling cascade, so I'm also going to circle the calcium ions. DAG goes on to activate a protein kinase. Now we've said this is a different protein kinase. It's protein kinase C versus protein kinase A that's used in the cyclic AMP cascade. However, here we have only labeled it as a kinase. We haven't gotten more specific here, so I'm not going to circle this one. In both cases, that molecule ends up being activated as a kinase. Alright. So that's what I see when we get to this level of specificity is different. And generally, just to step back one more time, remember this is how the same hormone can cause multiple different cellular responses in different cells because the secondary messengers used are going to be different. Alright. Practice problems after this. I'll see you there.
Table of contents
- 1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 40m
- What is Anatomy & Physiology?20m
- Levels of Organization13m
- Variation in Anatomy & Physiology12m
- Introduction to Organ Systems27m
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- 4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
- Introduction to Tissues & Histology16m
- Introduction to Epithelial Tissue24m
- Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue37m
- Structural Naming of Epithelial Tissue19m
- Simple Epithelial Tissues1h 2m
- Stratified Epithelial Tissues55m
- Identifying Types of Epithelial Tissue32m
- Glandular Epithelial Tissue26m
- Introduction to Connective Tissue36m
- Classes of Connective Tissue8m
- Introduction to Connective Tissue Proper40m
- Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Connective Tissue56m
- Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Connective Tissue49m
- Specialized Connective Tissue: Cartilage44m
- Specialized Connective Tissue: Bone12m
- Specialized Connective Tissue: Blood9m
- Introduction to Muscle Tissue7m
- Types of Muscle Tissue45m
- Introduction to Nervous Tissue8m
- Nervous Tissue: The Neuron8m
- 5. Integumentary System2h 20m
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- An Introduction to Bone and Skeletal Tissue18m
- Gross Anatomy of Bone: Compact and Spongy Bone7m
- Gross Anatomy of Bone: Periosteum and Endosteum11m
- Gross Anatomy of Bone: Bone Marrow8m
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- Gross Anatomy of Bones - Structure of a Long Bone23m
- Microscopic Anatomy of Bones - Bone Matrix9m
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- Microscopic Anatomy of Bones - The Osteon17m
- Microscopic Anatomy of Bones - Trabeculae9m
- 7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
- 8. Joints2h 17m
- 9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
- 10. Muscles1h 11m
- 11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
- 12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- 13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
- Introduction to the Peripheral Nervous System5m
- Organization of Sensory Pathways16m
- Introduction to Sensory Receptors5m
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- Introduction to Reflex Arcs13m
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- 14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
- 15. The Special Senses2h 41m
- 16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
- 17. The Blood1h 22m
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- 19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
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- 21. The Immune System14h 37m
- Introduction to the Immune System10m
- Introduction to Innate Immunity17m
- Introduction to First-Line Defenses5m
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- Introduction to Cells of the Immune System15m
- Cells of the Immune System: Granulocytes28m
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- Introduction to Cell Communication5m
- Cell Communication: Surface Receptors & Adhesion Molecules16m
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- Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)48m
- Introduction to the Complement System24m
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- Phagocytosis17m
- Introduction to Inflammation18m
- Steps of the Inflammatory Response28m
- Fever8m
- Interferon Response25m
- Review Map of Innate Immunity
- Introduction to Adaptive Immunity32m
- Antigens12m
- Introduction to T Lymphocytes38m
- Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules20m
- Activation of T Lymphocytes21m
- Functions of T Lymphocytes25m
- Review of Cytotoxic vs Helper T Cells13m
- Introduction to B Lymphocytes27m
- Antibodies14m
- Classes of Antibodies35m
- Outcomes of Antibody Binding to Antigen15m
- T Dependent & T Independent Antigens21m
- Clonal Selection20m
- Antibody Class Switching17m
- Affinity Maturation14m
- Primary and Secondary Response of Adaptive Immunity21m
- Immune Tolerance28m
- Regulatory T Cells10m
- Natural Killer Cells16m
- Review of Adaptive Immunity25m
- 22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
- 23. The Digestive System2h 5m
- 24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
- Essential Amino Acids5m
- Lipid Vitamins19m
- Cellular Respiration: Redox Reactions15m
- Introduction to Cellular Respiration22m
- Cellular Respiration: Types of Phosphorylation14m
- Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis19m
- Cellular Respiration: Pyruvate Oxidation8m
- Cellular Respiration: Krebs Cycle16m
- Cellular Respiration: Electron Transport Chain14m
- Cellular Respiration: Chemiosmosis7m
- Review of Aerobic Cellular Respiration18m
- Fermentation & Anaerobic Respiration23m
- Gluconeogenesis16m
- Fatty Acid Oxidation20m
- Amino Acid Oxidation17m
- 25. The Urinary System2h 39m
- 26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance Coming soon
- 27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
- 28. Human Development1h 21m
- 29. Heredity Coming soon
16. The Endocrine System
Membrane Bound Receptors and Secondary Messengers
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