Describe the changes that occur in kidney and bladder function in old age.
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Understand that aging affects the structure and function of the kidneys and bladder, leading to various physiological changes.
Recognize that kidney size and the number of functioning nephrons decrease with age, which can reduce the kidneys' ability to filter blood efficiently.
Note that the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) typically declines with age, affecting the kidneys' ability to remove waste and excess substances from the blood.
Acknowledge that bladder capacity and elasticity may decrease in older adults, leading to more frequent urination and potential issues with urinary incontinence.
Consider that the weakening of bladder muscles and the urethral sphincter can contribute to difficulties in controlling urination, which is common in the elderly population.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Renal Function Decline
As individuals age, renal function typically declines due to a decrease in the number of functioning nephrons and reduced renal blood flow. This decline can lead to decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which affects the kidneys' ability to filter waste and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.
With aging, the bladder's capacity and compliance often decrease, leading to increased frequency of urination and a higher risk of incontinence. Changes in the bladder wall and detrusor muscle can result in reduced ability to store urine, making it more challenging for older adults to control urination.
Aging is associated with hormonal changes that can impact kidney and bladder function. For instance, decreased levels of hormones such as aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can affect fluid retention and electrolyte balance, further complicating urinary function in older adults.