Glass Electrodes and pH Measurements - Online Tutor, Practice Problems & Exam Prep

Glass Electrodes

So remember that pH is just the negative log of H⁺ or H₃O⁺. For example 1, it asks us if at 50 degrees Celsius, the ionization of pure water k_w is 7.94×10-14, What is the pH of a neutral solution? Well, for a question like this, we're dealing with pure water, with no free-floating ions within it. Here, we're dealing with a neutral solution. And in a neutral solution, your H⁺ concentration is equal to your OH^-. Since we don't know either one of them, we're going to say they're both equal to x. Remember, both of these ions are related to each other by the fact that H⁺ or H₃O⁺ times OH^- equals k_w. Here, since both are x and their k_w, like all other equilibrium constants, is temperature dependent. Once the temperature is no longer 25 degrees Celsius, our k_w will not be 1.0×10-14. It becomes a brand new number. Here, we're going to take the square root of both sides to isolate x. That's gonna give me 2.8178×10-7M. Now, that equals H⁺ as well as OH^-, but since we're looking for pH, we're going to focus only on the H⁺. pH equals negative log of H⁺ which equals negative log of 2.8178×10-7. That gives me 6.55 as my concentration after rounding. That gives us option b. That's when we're dealing with pure water. What would happen when we're dealing with figuring out the pH still in pure water, but now it has free-floating ions in it? We have to take into account what does this do to both our ionic strength as well as our activity coefficient. Think of those things as you read example 2. You could attempt it on your own, but if you get stuck, don't worry. Just come back and see how I approach that same example 2 question.

Glass Electrodes

Alright. Here we're dealing with the same pure water. We're going to say because it's the same pure water, that means that H⁺ still equals OH^-. They both still equal x. But now we're dealing with free-floating ions as well. Now Na⁺Br^- have nothing to do with H⁺ and OH^-. And because they don't have a common ion effect involved, that means they're going to have some form of ionic strength and some influence on these two ions. So again, if they're giving you ionic compounds and those ions don't match up with the ions that you're investigating, that means ionic strength is in play. If ionic strength is in play, that means that our activity coefficients are also in play. Here, our equation becomes a bit different. It becomes H⁺∙γ_H+∙OH^-∙γ_OH-=Kw. We're still dealing with this 50 degrees Celsius from earlier, so we're still dealing with the same K_w. Now we know that these two are x, but we need to know what the activity coefficients are for them in order to figure out our correct H⁺ ion concentration.

Now to do that, we're going to figure out what the ionic strength of sodium bromide is. Once we get that ionic strength, we're going to look it up on the activity coefficients table and see what the activity coefficients are for H⁺ and OH^-. Plug those in to find our final answers. Alright. We're going to need room guys. Let me take myself out of the image. We're going to say here, ionic strength equals. This breaks up into Na⁺ and Br^-. This is half concentration of each ion times charge squared plus the concentration of the other ion times charge squared. The ionic strength is 0.005. Look on the activity coefficients table. Look for H⁺ and OH^-. What are their values when the ionic strength is this number? If you look carefully, you'll see that for H⁺, it's 0.933. For OH^-, it's 0.926. Remember K_w is the same K_w that we saw previously which is 7.94∙10-14 when the temperature is 50 degrees Celsius. So we're going to plug that in. Now, we're going to multiply these two numbers together. When we multiply both of them together, it gives me 0.863958. And then we have x variables multiplying, so that's x². Now we're going to divide both sides by 0.863958. So that's going to give me x². x² equals 9.19∙10-14. Take the square root of both sides here. That gives me x, x equals 3.03∙10-7 molar. That's going to give me the concentration of both H⁺ and OH^-, but we're only concerned with the H⁺ because we're looking for pH. So, up above, we said pH equaled negative log of H⁺. But remember, we're dealing with ionic strength and because of that, we're going to have to deal with the activity coefficient. Input the activity coefficient of H⁺ again. Now we're going to do negative log. The concentration is 3.03∙10-7 times the activity coefficient of H⁺ which is 0.933. Now, what's happening here is you're going to multiply these two numbers together and then you're going to take the negative log of that because remember, both of these things together represent the activity of H⁺ ion. So equals negative log of when I multiply those two numbers together, I get 2.828∙10-7 which equals 6.54. Our activity coefficient had a small impact on the pH where initially I got 6.55 for my pH, I now have gotten 6.54. Realized here that if we increased the concentration and or if we increased the charges of the ions, the impact on the pH would have been much greater than just a difference of 0.01. This just goes to show you that if we have noncommon ions floating around, we have to take into account ionic strength and, therefore, for the activity coefficients of the ions involved. Now that we've seen this, take a look at example 3 left on the bottom. The same basic premise is being involved here. We're dealing with the K_sp of barium hydroxide. But we have involved lithium nitrate, noncommon ions. Again, that means that your ionic strength is in play which means activity coefficients are in play. Remember what we just did and see if you can solve this question.

Glass Electrodes

So here it says, find the pH of a saturated solution of barium hydroxide when dissolved in 0.05 molar of lithium nitrite. Here we're dealing with molar lithium nitrite. The Ksp of barium hydroxide is 5.0×10-3. Well, we know that we're dealing with barium hydroxide, so this is my ionic solid. We know that we don't deal with solids. Here, this would be x, and here, because there's a 2 here, this would be 2x. Ksp equals just products because we're ignoring the solid, that's the reactant. We have Ba²⁺. Now, realize here that because we're dealing with non-common ions, that means ionic strength is in play and therefore the activity coefficient is in play. So it's going to be the activity coefficient of barium 2 ion times hydroxide ion. Because of the 2 here, it's squared times the activity coefficient of hydroxide also squared. We're going to need to determine what our concentration of hydroxide ion is to figure out what our pOH. Once we do that, we can find our pH. But first, I need to take into account these non-common ions. From it, I'll be able to determine my ionic strength. This is made up of lithium ion and nitrate ion. It's a one to one relationship, so lithium ion times its charge squared plus the concentration of the nitrate ion times its charge squared. That gives me 0.05 for the ionic strength. Now that we know what the ionic strength is, we look up on our activity coefficients chart for the activity coefficients for barium ion and hydroxide ion. When you look those up, we have barium ion here which is x. When you look up at its activity coefficient, you're going to see that it is equal to 0.465 times hydroxide, which is 2x, don't forget that it's squared, Times the activity coefficient. When you look it up, you get 0.81 squared. Alright. Ksp is 5.0×10-3 equals Alright. We have a lot of numbers that are multiplying with one another. We're gonna have to take all of those into account. So we have we're gonna have 0.465 times 0.81 squared. Squared. 22 is 4. When you multiply all those together, that gives me 1.22035. Don't forget, we have our x variables. We have x here and then x here is getting squared so that's x2. X times x2 gives me x3. Divide 1.22035. So x3 equals 0.004097. Take the cube root of both sides here. So when we do that, that's gonna give me x equals 0.160016 molar. But remember, we're looking for the concentration of hydroxide ion, OH^-. And OH− does not equal x. It equals 2x. So OH concentration equals 2x. So it's 2 times this number we just found. So that's 0.320032 molar. Next, we're going to figure out what the activity of hydroxide is. The activity here would equal the concentration of the hydroxide ion we just found times its activity coefficient. The concentration we just found is this. And we bring back that activity coefficient we found earlier of 0.81. That's gonna give me 0.259225. Now that I have the activity of hydroxide, I can take the negative log of that to find pOH. So that's negative log of that number. So that's gonna give me a pOH of 0.586. PH equals 14 minus pOH. My pH at the end is approximately 13.41. Again, remember, when we're dealing with an ionic compound that's dissolving in solution and then all of a sudden they introduce non-common ion effect ions, that means that those are going to help increase the solubility of my ionic compound by ionic strength. Since ionic strength is in play, that means activity coefficients are in play. We're going to have to incorporate them within our calculations to find the final concentrations of the specified ions. Keep in mind some of the techniques we've used here, which is just a continuation of concepts we've learned in terms of calculating pH.

Here’s what students ask on this topic:

What is the pH of pure water at 50°C?

The pH of pure water at 50°C can be calculated using the ion product constant (Kw) for water at this temperature, which is 7.94 × 10^-14. In pure water, the concentrations of H⁺ and OH^- are equal. Therefore, we set [H⁺] = [OH^-] = x. Since Kw = [H⁺][OH^-], we have x² = 7.94 × 10^-14. Solving for x, we get x = √(7.94 × 10^-14) = 2.82 × 10^-7 M. The pH is then calculated as pH = -log[H⁺] = -log(2.82 × 10^-7) ≈ 6.55.

How do ionic strength and activity coefficients affect pH measurements?

Ionic strength and activity coefficients significantly impact pH measurements, especially in solutions with free-floating ions. Ionic strength (μ) is a measure of the total concentration of ions in a solution and affects the activity coefficients (γ) of ions. The activity of an ion is given by its concentration multiplied by its activity coefficient. For accurate pH calculations, the activity of H⁺ ions must be considered: pH = -log(a_{H⁺) = -log([H⁺]γH⁺). Higher ionic strength generally decreases the activity coefficients, leading to a lower pH than calculated using concentrations alone.}

How do you calculate the pH of a solution with non-common ions?

To calculate the pH of a solution with non-common ions, you must account for ionic strength and activity coefficients. First, determine the ionic strength (μ) using the formula: μ = 0.5 Σc_iz_i², where c_i is the concentration and z_i is the charge of each ion. Next, use tables to find the activity coefficients (γ) for H⁺ and OH^- at the calculated ionic strength. Finally, calculate the pH using the adjusted concentration: pH = -log([H⁺]γ_H⁺).

What is the pH of a saturated barium hydroxide solution in 0.05 M lithium nitrite?

To find the pH of a saturated barium hydroxide solution in 0.05 M lithium nitrite, first calculate the ionic strength (μ) of the solution. For lithium nitrite, μ = 0.05. Using activity coefficient tables, find γ_Ba²⁺ and γ_OH^-. For Ba(OH)₂, K_sp = [Ba²⁺][OH^-]². Let [Ba²⁺] = x and [OH^-] = 2x. Adjust for activity coefficients: K_sp = (xγ_Ba²⁺)(2xγ_OH^-)². Solve for x, then find [OH^-]. Calculate pOH = -log([OH^-]γ_OH^-), and pH = 14 - pOH. The pH is approximately 13.41.

Why is the pH of pure water not always 7?

The pH of pure water is not always 7 because the ion product constant (Kw) of water is temperature-dependent. At 25°C, Kw is 1.0 × 10^-14, leading to a pH of 7. However, at different temperatures, Kw changes. For example, at 50°C, Kw is 7.94 × 10^-14, resulting in a pH of approximately 6.55. This variation occurs because the degree of water ionization changes with temperature, affecting the concentrations of H⁺ and OH^- ions.